选择题重点,英美文学选读(精)

[英国文学]

Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶文艺复兴 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt hu man nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures ca pable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that th e world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, a nd enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and ass imilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, for ce of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in whi ch meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined t o frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,

语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式,组织结构,意象(比喻,描述与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christophe r Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

9.Francis Bacon (1561-1626, the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。

(IEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 10. the theme of Redcrosse is not“Arms and the man,”but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11. It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody t hat make him known as“the poets …poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义,对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。

(IIChristopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛

12. As the most gifted of the“University Wits,”Marlowe composed six pla ys within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburl

aine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是:《帖木尔》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。

13.Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank vers e and made it the principal medium o

f English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14. Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance her o for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15. His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。 16. The passionate shepherd to his love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘

This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in En glish literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。 (IIIWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: He nry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four co medies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Tami ng of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.

安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, H enry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Lik e It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。

19. Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, Ki ng Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Corio lanus. The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Meas ure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧,悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle ro mantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Te mpest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后

一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。

21. Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22. Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle tha t national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。

23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude to ward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。

25.Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays som e noble hero.莎士比亚的

四大悲剧是:《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》 26. “The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on fo

r the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。

27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the onl y thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comf ort in his dream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。

28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness a nd truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。

29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。

30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him eith er in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。

31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IVFrancis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根

32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin versio n of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类:第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》(用英文著述《新工具》(是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版

33. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other i s the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种:一种是通过神的启示获得的知识,另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34. According to Bacon, man‟s understanding consists of three parts: hist ory to man‟s memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and phil osophy to man‟s reason.培根认为,人类的认识与学问分为三部分:基于人类回忆的历史学,基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes tow ard truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.

作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度,并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36. Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfu lness.培根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有力度而著名。

37. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, meta phors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故,隐喻和基调。 38. Of Studies论学习

Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智。

(VJohn Donne约翰.邓恩

39. The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting

a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free r ange of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性,展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念,以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, cont ains most of his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集,囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42. In his gloomy poem“Farewell to love,”we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中,我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous througho ut the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言,并贯穿于整首诗作。 (VIJohn Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human free dom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。

45. Milton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the e arly poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿

的文学作品可分为三类:早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。 46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作:《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。

47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Ad am discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪恶。

49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed th e mercy o f God in bringin

g good out of evil.为自愿献身开辟了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。

50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s pass ionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy a t the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。 51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master p oet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义失败的原因。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义

1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighten ment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。

3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern p hilosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.

启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizin g, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great write rs like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Ste ele, the two pioneers of familiar essays,Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Ric hard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大.蒲柏,约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱,乔纳森.斯威夫特,丹尼尔.

迪福,理查.B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a r evival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrai ned emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre o f literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rh ymed in two lines; the three unities of time, space and action should be st rictly observed;

regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than

individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。

12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套 话但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in t his period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,优美的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising litera ry form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional ro mance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。 15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, He nry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Golds mith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福,塞缪尔.理查德,亨利.费尔丁,劳伦斯.斯泰思,托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an appar ent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and im agination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessi onal, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔,鼓励及预示的转移。

17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18. Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the b est model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English lit erary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。 (IJohn Bunyan约翰.班扬

19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed insalvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒,他认真学习《圣经》,并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。

20. he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pl easure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动,情节鲜明真实,连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21. Bunyan‟s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinne rs, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim‟s P rogress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》,《拜得门先生生死录》,《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部 22. The Vanity Fair.名利场(节选《天路历程》第一部

The Pilgrim‟s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the En glish language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrin es and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness

es and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循教教义,并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的来获得拯救。

(IIAlexander Pope亚历山大.蒲伯

23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constan t verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人,自然要用笔墨来反击,在此期间,他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。

24. For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, s ocial order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression i n all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序,政治秩序,社会秩序,美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年,他出版了散文《论批评》,从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年,他又出版了《夺发记》,一部极妙的讽刺史诗。 26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated ne oclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classica l rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人,他大力提倡新古典主义,强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度,理性,逻辑,情感的克制,高雅的品位以及是否体面,正派来衡

量。 27. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, con cise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作,发展了讽刺,简练,通顺,优雅,平衡的风格。 (IIIDaniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福

28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智,充沛的精力,旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the ti me, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说,是笛福的代表作。

30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study mi ddle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate po or.在他大部分作品中,他都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。 31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes lon g and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narrati on.他的语句时而短小干脆,朴素直白,时而又气势磅礴,泼墨如水,为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化,有时甚至是俗语方言。

34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作,完全是大众英语。

35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》:整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-hande dly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此,鲁宾逊是真正的英雄:一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IVJonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion an d learning, A Tal e o

f a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which establishe d his name as a satirist.1704年,他针对宗教和学术界的出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品,一为《桶的故事》,一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日,斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵,为了使人的生活更美好,人们需要启蒙。

39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中,他提倡的

不是谴责,而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。

40. His“A Modest Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。 42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear , simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy an d conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and nove ls.他创立了一种良好的文风,即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文,诗歌,还是小说,简洁,具体,精确,没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43. Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier‟s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias, Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》,《书籍的战斗》,《德拉皮尔的信》,《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。 44. Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book con tains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into hu man nature profound.《格列佛游记》:是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说,全书分为四卷,它具有重大的社会意义,同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

(VHenry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerabl e number o

f forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里,费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式 46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1 736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》,《悲剧中的悲剧》,《巴斯昆》,《1736历史年鉴》。

47. a“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”,主题是人类本性中的荒唐,对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portra yal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty hu mor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画,及时的出场退场,笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangst er”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说,伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。

50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human na ture.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯:一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。

51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the obj ect of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of hu man manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teac

h men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners. ,小说不仅供娱乐,而且更有教育意义,他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活,使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”,并将说教巧妙的引入作品,教导人们认识自己,寻求适宜的人生态度。

52. Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”f or his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”,因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifi cally a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structur e and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”,并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54. He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present no t only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their mind s.作者以角色的口吻去“想”,因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为,还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55. Fielding…s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vi vid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhy thm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅,通俗易懂,同时又栩栩如生并富有活力,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长,小说结尾总是水到渠成,顺理成章。

56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spir its.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷,汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英

雄,他----诚实,善良,高尚,忠诚,勇敢,同时也有着易冲动,鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。 57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Ho me.”The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名,小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。 (VISamuel Johnson 塞缪尔.约翰逊

58. The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, e ssays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。

59. In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里,周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60. Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛,多才多艺,他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61. His chief works include pomes:“London”,and“The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a trage dy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌:《伦敦》,《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪

漫诗:《拉塞拉斯的历史》,《阿比西尼亚王子》;一部悲剧:《艾琳》。 62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the autho r of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-hande dly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者,约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人,作品为《英文大词典》,这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eightee nth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家,他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻,几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel w ords and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长,但结构工整,包含有许多排比,对仗。

65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking w ith a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉,他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VIIRichard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹66. The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年,谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版,使他大发其财。

67. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are gene rally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚,下接萧伯纳的纽带,是真正的英国古典派喜剧。

68. In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。 69. The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hyp ocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Cha rles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double blis s for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocrati c-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the pl ay has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事,一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯,另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地,而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心,又获得了丰厚的遗产,而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏,对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言,对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问,它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。

(VIIThomas Gray托马斯.格雷

70. he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年,他竟谢绝了授予 他的诗人桂冠奖。 71. In contrast to those professional writers, Gray‟s literary output w as small.与其余专职作家不同,格雷作品极少。

72. His masterpiece,“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”was publish ed in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader o f the sentimental poetry of the day, especially“the Graveyard School”.175 7年,他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位,尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。 73. His other poems include“Ode on the Spring”,“Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat”and so on. (Ode:….赞,颂他的其他作品还有《春之颂》,《伊顿公学展望》,《爱猫之死》等等。 74. A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and car efully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真,作品诞生速度慢,却精益求精。

75. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray‟s best and most representative work. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the so rrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and and arouses sentiment in th e bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of th e eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作,创作历时八年,诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特

的去世有关。其中,格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘,并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻,并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。

Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832浪漫主义

1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French R evolution of 17-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happ ened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:一是17-1794年的法国资产阶级大,一是同时期英国内部的工业。

2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capi talists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, exp ressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant mo des of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentia lly as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是自由的个体。

5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of dire

ction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner w orld of the human spirit.因此,我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。 7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the soc iety.他们(浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克,华兹华斯,科勒律治,拜伦,雪莱及济恩认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药,可以净化人的灵魂。

8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emoti on recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人,而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露,发乎情,止乎静。

9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elev ate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as somethi ng crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象,还强调灵感与创作的自发性,认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would tu rn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律,他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。

13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.

14. Jane Austen‟s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义. 15. The major theme of Jane‟s novels is love and marriage toward w hich she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field t hat she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admir ed for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social re lationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.

16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces an d of their influenc

e on the individual. He is the first major historical novel ist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the sup ernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分,它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力,恐怖及对超自然力(鬼神的描写。

(IWilliam Blake威廉.布莱克

18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him a s gifted but mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解,认为他是个天才,又是个疯子,他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。

19. Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong socia l and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中,童年是布莱克主要描述的中心,这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。

20. Blake‟s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟,并担负了讽喻与预言的两重角色。

21. The“marriage,”to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, n ot the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和,而并非一方从属于另一

方。 22. Blake felt bound to declare that“I know that This World is Worl d of Imagination & Vision”and that“The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布:“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界,我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。” 23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。

24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。

(IIWilliam Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the th ree men became known as the“Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。

26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey asPoet Laureate.1842年为他发了津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。

27. According to the subject, Wordsworth‟s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题,华的短诗可分为两大类:关于自然的和关于人类生活的。

28. Wordsworth is regarded as a“worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。

29. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary inte rest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为

普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题,她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。 30. His works contain“The Solitary Reaper”,“To a Highland Girl”,”The Old Cumberland Beggar”and“The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》,《致高地姑娘》,《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。

31. In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest,“Resolution and Independ ence”is the triumphan t conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题,同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度,“与”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论,这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。 32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。

33. Wordsworth‟s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求,对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。

34. he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the spee ch of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and sh ould be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源,他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历,普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。

35. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poe try, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。

36. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only st arted the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also cha nged the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the langua ge and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。 (IIISamuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治

37. In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ball ads, which became a landmark in English poetry. 1798年,他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》,成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。

38. In addition to“The Ancient Mariner,”he wrote“Kubla Khan,”began wr iting“Christabel”and composed“This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,”“Fros t at Midnight,”and“The Nightingale,”which are considered to be his

best“conversational”poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》,《忽必烈汗》,《子夜寒霜》,《夜莺》等名诗,这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。

39. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly ration alistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面,科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。

40. he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, base d on what h

e had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。

41. He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of r eality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。

42. Coleridge‟s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remar kably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类,神祗诗与对话诗。

43. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive f eatures of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点,便是神秘与想象。

44. “Christabel”uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmos phere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式,创造出的是与一种微妙而又的哥特式恐怖氛围。

45. He sings highly Wordsworth‟s “purity of language,”“deep and subtl e thoughts,”“Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth‟s claim that there is no essential difference between the language o

f poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”,“深邃的思想”,“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。 46. Coleridge

was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first r ank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇,直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。

47. he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosop hers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。(IVGeorge Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦

48. The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold‟s Pilg rimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一,第二章(1812。

49. In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of of Chillon.在日内瓦,拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。

50. he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Jua n.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》,《唐璜》的前两章。 51. Don Juan is Byron‟s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。52. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。

53. the poet‟s true intention is, by making use of Juan‟s adventures, to pre sent a panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。 54. Byron‟s satire on the English society in the later part of the poe m can be compared with Pope‟s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope‟s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the w

hole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美,有过之而无不及,因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨,而是整个社会的虚伪。

55. As a leading Romanticist, Byron‟s chief contribution is his creation o

f the “B yronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Su ch a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, and then further d eveloped in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Jua n in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人,拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”,高傲,神秘,反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》,《东方故事集》,《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。

56. Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of id eas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想,想象力,艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展 (VPercy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱

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57. He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, ty ranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公,强权与宗教,战争与剥削。

58. He realized that the evil was also in man‟s mind.他认为罪恶还存在

于人的思想。 59. One of Shelley‟s greatest political lyrics is“Men of England. Th e poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Part y.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”,这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。

60. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shel ley‟s“Ode to the West Wind”; here Shelley‟s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subjec t perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”,这首诗语气狂热,宜于诵读。

61. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in t he terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临,春天还会远吗?”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。 62.

Shelley‟s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Pro metheus Unbound, The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind‟s potential, and Shell ey himself recognized it as“the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《了的普罗米修斯》,它赞扬了人类自身的潜力,雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。

63. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagisticall y complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样,由于不同于其他人,他是个备受推崇的诗人,他的作品博学,具有深厚

文化底蕴,含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。 (VIJohn Keats约翰.济慈 . Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth o

f Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。

65. It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and add ed a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟,并使他未来的创作更加丰满。 66. At the heart of these pomes lies Keats‟concern with how the ide al can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈对如何将理想与现实,想象与实际,男人与女人结合起来的思考。

67. The volume also contain his four great odes:”Ode on Melancholy,”“O de on a Grecian Urn,”“Ode to a Nightingale,”“Ode a Psyche;”his lyric ma sterpiece“To Autumn”and the unfinished poem“Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”:“忧郁颂”,“希腊古瓮颂”,“夜莺颂”,“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。68. The odes are generally regarded as Keats‟s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。

69. In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disill usion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever q uestion the visionary

transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满,他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色

彩。 70. “Ode to a Nightingale”expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。 71. “Ode on an Grecian Urn”shows the contrast between the perman ence of art and the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。

72. Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视,听,嗅,味,触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字,带来一个通透的体验。

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73. He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milt on and Dante.他在措词,风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚,弥尔顿和但丁的作品。

74. Keats‟s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, se nsual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental valu es to the physical beauty of the world.济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句,有感描写为特色,通过想象,营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。 (VIIJane Austen 简.奥斯汀

75. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters an d their lov

e affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular o

f her novels, d eals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands; and Northa

nger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品,讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程;《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。

76. Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldline ss ; Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion c ontrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存;《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思;《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。

77. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and mora l principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominan ce of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and c lear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and indiv iduality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位,而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感,责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。

78. And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those tradition al ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上,她提倡新古典主义,坚持理性,秩序,典雅的原则。 79. Austen‟s main literary concern is about human beings in their pe rsonal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。

80. It is her conviction that a man‟s relationship to his wife and children i s at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子,儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业,信仰---同样重要。

81. plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century En gland, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily rou tine life.奥斯汀的写

作素材十分狭窄。主题,角色,社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活,总是三,四口之家的日常生活。

82. Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as“First Impressions”in 1796, i s the most delightful of Jane Austen‟s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。

83. Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。

84. The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in th e highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness un matched elsewhere.

85. The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are amon

g the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observat ion and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country lif e of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意,是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察,向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。

86. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟,实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。

87. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Ja ne Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all no velists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感,奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟,众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。

Chapter 4 The Victorian Period(1836-1901维多利亚时期

1.Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romant icists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。

2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory o f“art for art‟s sake.”唯美主义者奥斯卡.王尔德与沃尔特.培特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。

3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新,表达立异的特点。

5.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the g

ood-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学,真实地反映了时代的现实与精神,其中体现出的高度的活力,脚踏实地的精神,善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。 (ICharles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯

6.Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthl y installments. It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了,这使狄更斯一度名利双收。

7.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。

8.The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thin king.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。

9.Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which

is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性,他都深受人民大众喜爱,不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良,更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。

10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism o f the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中,狄更斯对19世纪的英国,特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。

11. His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwic k Paper(legal fraud, David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早

期作品包括《雾都孤儿》,《尼古拉斯.尼克尔比》,《皮克威克外传》(合法欺骗,《大卫.科波菲尔》和《马丁.瞿述伟》等等。 12. This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the co nstant jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。

13. His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorri t, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》,《荒凉山庄》,《小多利特》,《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。

14. Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。 15. Dickens‟works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pat hos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点,是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。

16. Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama an d spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下,但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染,有时会破坏故事的连贯性。

17. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人,他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。(IIThe Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹

18. Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte ca me from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂,艾米丽.布朗蒂,

安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。

19. Charlotte‟s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it a ppeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily‟s single and unique work Wuthe ring Heights and Anne‟s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年,艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。

20. Charlotte‟s works are all about the struggle of an individual conscious ness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young wo men with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗,都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情,理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。

21. In her mind, man‟s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin an d virtue, good and evil.在她看来,人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。 22. All her heroines‟highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。

23. She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, s he presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing th e misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are ma

rked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面,她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷,虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面,她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。

24. Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society. Th e success o

f the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel t he first governess heroine.《简爱》:它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。

25. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inne r conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小说通过对简热烈的情感,思想以及内心冲突的生动描写,向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。

26. Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的故事。 (IIIAlfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生

27. He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。 28. Tennyson‟s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King (the Celtic legends of King Arthur.丁尼生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》,故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。

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29. For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poe m belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For t he other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to r epresent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非中世纪的贵族;其

二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明周而复始的历史写照。(《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简单的翻版,而是对古典神话的现代诠释?

30. Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pi cture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术家。

31. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplici ty of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keat s and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才,还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统,从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽,从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇异诡谲,从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才,这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。

(IV.Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁 32. Like Browning‟s other characters in their monologues, these peopl e unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.正像布朗宁其他独白作品种的人物,这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性

格特点。

33. The name of Browning is often associated with the term:“dramat ic m onologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之一。

34. To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to explo it his literary gift without getting too personal.对布朗宁来说,戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才,又可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。 (VGeorge Eliot乔治.艾略特

35. Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam B ede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作相继问世:《亚当.贝德》、《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》36. In1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot‟s greatest achievement.1872年,《弥都玛持镇》问世,这部作品是她最好的作品。

37. By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstance s and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initi ates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来,并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中,艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义,并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。

38. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to re veal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中,她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争,揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机,冲动及遗传影响。

39. George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, es pecially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运,尤其是那些才华出众,渴望步入社会的女性。

40. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。

41. Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the socia l environment as well as heir own vulnerabilities.《弥都玛持镇》:小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心,但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的没能达到人生目标。 (VIThomas Hardy托马斯.哈代42. his last two novels: Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。

43. His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodla nders, Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. These works, kno wn as “novels of character and environment,”are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist

writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩,如《还乡》,《号兵长》,《卡斯特桥》,《林地居民》,《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环

境为纲的小说”,最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。 44. Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl. She finally becomes

a victim of the modern society.苔丝,一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩,她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。

45. Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。

46. In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent natu re and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some speci fic happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质,促使他追求某一种幸福成功,从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。

47. He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。 48. They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子,还是普遍的真理。

49. Their plight is not just their own; it applies to any one, any age. And fi nally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic fl avor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他们(小说中的人物的故事不仅是他们自身的经历,而且具有相当的普遍性。最后,哈代的作品结构完美,语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。

50. Tess of the D‟Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a cle

rgyman. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards

the end of the century.《德伯家的苔丝》:苔丝远离故土,外出谋生,与牧师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德,抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。

Chapter 5 The Modern Period现代时期

1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。 2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion agai nst rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后,更进一步的反叛理性主义与教精神,推崇强权与霸权。

4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emp hasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力,直觉,非理性与无意识。

5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people‟s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚

道德标准的信奉。

6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded mo dernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。

7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dada ism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后,所有的现代主义文流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性,超现实主义,未来主义,达达主义(颓废派文艺,意象主义以及意识流等等。

8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡,毕加索,庞德,韦伯恩,T.S.埃略特,乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernis m, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and blac k humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was a bsurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学,荒诞派戏剧,新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦”。 10. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of ps ycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。

11. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienate d and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然,人与社会,人与人,人与自我之间被扭曲的,渐渐疏远的,病态的关系。

12. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often label ed as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。 13. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poe try again.50年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。

14. D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his cha racters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the cap italist Industrialization on human nature. In his best novels like The Rainb ow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of vari ous human relationships. D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法,与乔伊斯不同,劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣,依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节,但他极力展现角色的心理发展,尖锐的批判了资本主义

工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中,如《虹》,《恋爱中的女人》,劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理,人际关系,尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15. by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。16. Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯