2020 年考研英语(二)真题及解析

2020 年考研英语（二）真题及解析

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A. B. C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Being a good parent is ,of course, what every parent would like to be. But

defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 particularly

since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm,rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than. 2 ,a younger one. 3 , there's another sort of parent that's a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 ,every parent would like to be patient. this is no easy 6 . sometimes, parents get exhausted and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed sty1e with their kids. I understand this.

You're only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 far. And then the 9 you just a little too

happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over. We've all been there. 12 even though it's common. it's vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your child's self-esteem.

If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to maintain emotional control when 17 by stress is one of the most significant of all life's skills.

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Certainly, it's incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more practical goal is to try , to the best of your ability ,to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children.I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and

emotionally.

1. A.pleasant 2. A.at once 3. A.Fortunately 4. A.amuse 5. A.once 6. A.choice 7. A.formal 8. A.move 9.

A. inevitable

10. A.boring 11. A.turn back 12. A.Overall 13. A.believe 14. A.justify 15. A.bond 16. A.nature 17. A.confronted 18. A.strange 19. A.exciting 20. A.withdraw

B.tricky B.in addition B.Occasionally B.train B.because B.answer B.tolerant B.send B.illogical B.harsh B.take apart B.Instead B.regret B.raise B.time B. secret B.defeated B.terrible B.trying B.hide

C.tedious C.for example C.Accordingly C.assist C.unless C.task C.rigid C.drag C. mysterious C.naive C.set aside C.Otherwise C.miss C.affect C.race C.context C.cheated C.hard C.surprising C. emerge

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D.instructive D.by accident D.Eventually D.describe D.while D.access D.critical D.push D.suspicious D.vague D.cover up D.However D.like D.reflect D.cool D.importance D.confused D.wrong D.changing D.escape

Selection Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings. Loleh Quinn at the University of California. San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.

They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat — one social and one asocial-for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist. resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.

During the experiment,. the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.

Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

Across18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.”We’d assumed we’ d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features. and put a scene on u to make it smell like a real rat. but that wasn’ t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia. who helped

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with the research.

The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they arc fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. “ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too.” M says Wiles.

21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can . A.pickup social signals from non-living rats

B. distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one C. attain sociable traits through special training D. Send out warning messages to their fellow

22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment? . A. It followed the social robot B. It played with some toys C. It set the trapped rats free D. It moved around alone

23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they . A.tried to practice a means of escape

B. expected it to do the same in return C. wanted to display their intelligence D. considered that an interesting game 24. James Wiles notes that rats . A.can remember other rat’s facial features B.differentiate smells better than sizes C.respond more to cations than to looks D. can be scared by a plastic box on wheels

25. It can be learned from the text that rats .

A.appear to be adaptable to new surroundings

B. are more socially active than other animals C. behave differently from children in socializing D. are more sensitive to social cues than expected

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Text 2

It is fashionable today to bash Big Business. And there is one issue on which the many critics agree: CEO pay. We hear that CEOs are paid too much (or too much relative to workers), or that they rig others’ pay, or that their pay is insufficiently related to positive outcomes. But the more likely truth is CEO pay is largely caused by intense competition.

It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation—from the 350 largest such companies— now makes about $18.9 million a year.

While individual cases of overpayment definitely exist, in general, the determinants of CEO pay are not so mysterious and not so mired in corruption. In fact, overall CEO compensation for the top companies rises pretty much. In lockstep with the value of those companies on the stock market.

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The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay, though, is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America’s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

Today’s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to “ run the company.” CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there’ s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling.

There is yet another trend: virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another. An agribusiness company, for instance, may focus on R&D in highly IT-intensive areas such as genome sequencing. Similarly, it is hard to do a good job running the Walt Disney Company just by picking good movie scripts and courting stars; you also need to build a firm capable of creating significant CGI products for animated movies at the highest levels of technical sophistication and with many frontier innovations along the way.

On top of all of this, major CEOs still have to do the job they have always done —which includes motivating employees, serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture, understanding the internal accounting, and presenting budgets and business plans to the board. Good CEOs are some of the world ’ s most potent creators and have some of the very deepest skills of understanding.

26. which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?

A. The growth in the number of cooperation B. The general pay rise with a better economy

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C. Increased business opportunities for top firms D. Close cooperation among leading economics

27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to .

A. foster a stronger sense of teamwork B. finance more research and development C.establish closer ties with tech companies D.operate more globalized companies

28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite

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A.continual internal opposition B. strict corporate governance C.conservative business strategies D.repeated governance warnings

29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps

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A.confirm the status of CEOs

B. motive inside candidates C. boost the efficiency of CEOs D. increase corporate value

30. The most suitable title for this text would be . A.CEOs Are Not Overpaid

B. CEO Pay : Past and Present C.CEOs' Challenges of Today D.CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define

Text 3

Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars, Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign.despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

Among other weaknesses. the measures cities must employ when left to tackle

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dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone(Ulez)is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and south Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition form the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serous threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits-fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births. Less dementia and asthma Fewer untimely deaths.

But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.

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economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren't interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record SI. 5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.

One survey from Accenture found that88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.

31. Generation Zs graduating college this spring

A.are recognized for their abilities

B. are in favor of job offers

C. are optimistic about the labor market D. are drawing growing public attention 32. Generation Zs are keenly aware

A.what a tough economic situation is like

B. what their parents expect of them C. how they differ from past generation D. how valuable a counselor’s advice is

33. The word \"assuage\"(line 9, para 2) is closet in meaning to

A.define B.relieve C.maintain D.deepen

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34. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs

A.care little about their job performance

B. give top priority to professional training C. think it hard to achieve work- Life balance D. have a clear idea about their future job

35. Micelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation ZS are

A. less realistic B. less adventurous C. more diligent D. more generous

Part B Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] Give compliments, just not too many.

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[B] Put on a good face, always. [C] Tailor your interactions. [D] Spend time with everyone [E] Reveal, don't hide, information. [F] Slow down and listen. [G] Put yourselves in others' shoes.

Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office

Is it possible to like everyone in your office ? Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly . But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers, You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side. 41.

If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try stay tight-lipped around them. But you won't be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness, The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest. 42.

Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts. 43 . It's common to have a \"cubicle mate\" or special confidant in a work setting .But

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in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day. 44.

Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don't have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project .This will help engender good will in others. But don' overdo it or be fake about it One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over. 45.

This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while other are more straightforward Jokes that work one person won't necessarily land with another. So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you're dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.

Section III Translation

46. Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHET. (15points)

It's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure, But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.

We can choose to see failure as \"the end of the world.\" Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something. we can choose to look for the lesson we're mean to learn. These lessons are very important; they're how we grow. and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures

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stop us only if we let them.

Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.

Section III Writing

Part A 47. Directions:

Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international students write an email to

(1) tell them about the site, and (2) give them some tips for the tour

Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name, use \"Li Ming\" instead (10 points)

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Part B 48. Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should (1) interpret the chart, and (2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points).

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答案：1-5 BCADD

6-10 CBDAB 11-15 ADBCD 16-20 DACBC

答案：21-25 A D B C D

21题： 第一段 Loleh Quinn at the University of California. San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. 测试机器老鼠发出的社交信号。A 项 对应词 pick up social signals

22题： 第三段结尾提到 the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side. “move forwards and backwards “ 对应选项 D move around 23题：第五段，老鼠希望能社交活动的机器鼠能日后回报，也放它们出来’， 对应选项 B。

24题 ：We’d assumed we’ d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features. and put a scene on u to make it smell like a real rat. but that wasn’ t necessary,” 。科学家以为给机器老鼠安上脑袋，尾巴，涂上气味， 但是后来发现这样做法是多余的。可以了解老鼠关注行动多一点。对应选 C. 更多关注行动。

25题：最后一段提到“ how sensitive rats are to social cues,” 老鼠对社交线索很敏感，关键词 social cues 答案：26-30 C D A D B

26题：第一段马德里提出洁净空气区，但过后中止了，可见是命运难定。 27题：第三段“That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles”把包裹丢给了司机，他们得付费或购置更好的车辆。 选这 D 强调个人 individual motorists

28题：第四段提到 spark intense opposition form the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected 。 大量开车人肯定会反对这做法。Opposition 在选择项里 resistance

29题： 倒数第二段，“ But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain's and others across Europe-have failed to do so.”现在做的事情只有这些，做的事情原本应该让国家元首做的事情

30题：尾段提到“keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas-city centres”、 “ speed limits to minimise pollution”诸多法规需要遵守

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答案：31-35C D B D A

31题：第三段提到，CEO 拿高薪是由于顶级企业的营商机会越发多了。 32题：第五段提到做 CEO 各种能力要求，要懂金融，懂人际关系，由于供应链全球化，要有全球运作能力。

33题 ：But most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising 转折 yet 提到 70 年代，虽然更严格管理，CEO 工资还在增长。

34题：CEO 酬金和股票挂钩，CEO 工资涨了，公司价值也提升了，也就是为公司创造更大利润

35题：全文提到为何付给 CEO 高薪，说了一通理由，结论高薪不过分。

答案：36-40 D A B D B

36题：第一段‘the attention has been rising steadily in recent week’得到公众更多关注。

37题：在第二段‘Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or bot’ 这代人了解经济不好时候的样子，还有很多人目睹父母失业，一辈子积蓄打水漂。 38题：上下文猜测词意。

39题：最后一段，“offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose)”. OO 后追求工作稳定，然后是职业培训， 最后鼓舞人心的动机等。 40题：B

答案：41-45 E F D A C

41题 ： The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest.（中心句）

42题： Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, 43题： Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job.

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44题 ：But don' overdo it or be fake about it One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive.

45题 ： So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you're dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.

46.参：

人生几乎不可能不经历某种失败。但是，失败的奇妙之处在于如何看待它完全取决于我 们自己。

我们可以选择将失败视为“世界末日”。或者将失败看作是一种令人难以置信的学习经 历。每当我们在某件事上失败时，我们都可以选择去寻找我们想要学习的经验教训。这些教 训非常重要：它们涉及我们如何成长，也涉及我们如何避免再次犯同样的错误。只有我们允 许失败阻止我们，失败才会真正阻止我们。

失败也能教会我们一些我们永远不会学到的东西。例如，失败可以帮助你发现你是多么 强大的一个人。失败可以帮助你找到真正的朋友，或者帮助你找到意想不到的成功动力。 47.参考范文：

Dear international students,

Hello, everybody! My name is Li Ming, your guide for today. First of all, I would like to welcome all of you to visit the Great Wall, one of the few most famous places of historical interest in our country. The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago in the Qin Dynasty as a measure against foreign invasion. It starts from Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province and extends to Shanhai Pass in Hebei Province. It is over 10,000 li long and even by the modern standard, it is a huge project. That is why it is regarded as one of the 7 wonders in the world.

Please mind your steps as you are climbing the Wall. You are not supposed to carve your names on the bricks or cast trash anywhere. Otherwise, financial penalties will be enforced on you.

I hope that you will enjoy every minute of your trip on the Great Wall.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

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48.参考范文：

The Use of Smart Phones among Students in this College

As the pie chart shows, students in this university use their smart phones for various purposes. According to the statistics, 58% of them take their smart phones as a study tool. Another 28% turn to the electronic devices for useful data or information. Still another 12% use their cellphones for fun and the rest 2% don’t switch their smart phones on for any specific reason.

How should we account for these figures? In the first place, it is attributable to the fast development of the IT technology, which makes the communication tool increasingly helpful to our study. As a result, students use cellphones as a source of knowledge or information. In the second place, as cellphones become more multifunctional, a considerable percentage of young people can chat with their friends, play games or watch movies on their electronic devices.

As far as I can understand, smart phones, for all their positive roles in our life and study, can be highly distractive for college students. It is by no means a rare sight to find students fixing their eyes on their smart phones instead of listening to their professors in class. In a word, the tools should be used sparingly.

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