定语从句和名词性从句
定语从句与名词性从句
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作者：崔平安 发布时间：2007-4-16
一、定语从句
1. 关系代词和关系副词的选择。
【考例1】—Do you have anything to say for yourselves? —Yes, there is one point _______ we must insist on. (2006江西)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
【点拨】D。此题将定语从句置于情景交际中进行考查。先行词为one point,从句中的insist on缺少宾语,因此引导词只能是关系代词；另外,关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,故选D。
【拓展】可以引导定语从句的关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose。当用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意以下几点:
1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
2)关系代词whose用来指物时,whose + n. = the n. + of which (of which + the + n.)。
3)尽管that 和which都可以指物,但是在下列情况下一般只能用that,而不用which。A. 先行词如果是不定代词
everything,anything,nothing,something,all,any,little,much等时。B. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时,如:first,fifth,best等。C. 先行词被the very,the only,the last等修饰时。D. 先行词既有人又有物时。
【考例2】I work in a business _______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (2004湖南)
A. how B. which C. where D. that
【点拨】C。分析句子结构可知,从句的主、谓、宾成分完整,故可排除B和D选项。先行词business表示的是一种情况,因此用where引导,故答案为C。how不可引导定语从句。
【拓展】修饰主句中表示地点、场合或情况条件的名词的定语从句通常用where引导。where引导的定语从句的特殊先行词还有case,situation,condition,point等。
【考例3】Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _______ don’t. (2006北京)
A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填; 不填
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【点拨】C。首先分析句子结构,由句意可知是将喝咖啡与不喝咖啡的女性比较,所以women和those后各接一个定语从句。根据关系代词在从句中作主语不能省略这一规则,不难判断出选项C为正确答案。
【拓展】先行词是人,引导词在从句中作主语时,只能用who / that,不能用whom。引导词在从句中作宾语时,用who,whom,that都可以。但是如果把介词放在引导词前面的话,就只能用whom。
小结:选用关系代词还是关系副词关键是分析判断从句中所缺的成分,缺状语时用关系副词,缺主语、宾语、表语、定语时用关系代词。 2. as与which引导的非性定语从句。
【考例1】The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. (2006江苏)
A. who B. that C. as D. which 【点拨】D。此处是非性定语从句,因此排除that。meant的先行项为前面整个句子,且从句的谓语meant为行为动词,因此用which来引导。 【拓展】as和which在引导非性定语从句时,都可以指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语或宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: 1)as引导的非性定语从句可置于句首,而which不可以。 2)as引导非性定语从句时有\"正如；恰如\"之意,且其句式多为较固定句式。which引导的此类非性定语从句与上文之间是因果关系或是对上文内容的一种评述。
【考例2】The Beatles, _______ many of us are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as 【点拨】D。as引导非性定语从句,代替The Beatles came from Liverpool这一整个句子。
【拓展】as引导非性定语从句时,可放在句首、句中或句尾,常译为\"正如\"。当先行词被the same,such修饰时,定语从句用as引导。 3. \"介词+ 关系代词\"引导的定语从句。
【考例1】She was educated at Beijing University, _____ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (2006陕西)
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
【点拨】A。此题是对非性定语从句的考查。前后句的动作呈先后关系,因此应选择介词after。引导词应指上句整个句子的意思,所以介词之后要用which而不能用that。
【拓展】\"介词+ 关系代词\"结构有时可以用关系副词替代。如:in / on / at which = when,at / in which = where,for which = why。
【考例2】I have many friends, _______ some are businessmen. (2005全国I)
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A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
【点拨】D。这是一个定语从句。some指friends中的some,即some of the friends,应该用介词of,表示所属关系。先行词friends表人,所以应用引导词whom,代指先行词friends,故答案为D。
【拓展】\"名词+ of + 关系代词\"也可以说成\"of + 关系代词+ 名词\"。 注意:此时名词前应有相应的限定词修饰。如:the window of which = of which the window。
【考例3】Look out! Don’t get too close to the house _____ roof is under repair. (2006福建)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that 【点拨】A。先行词\"house\"与从句中\"roof\"构成所属关系,即the house’s roof,故选用关系代词whose。值得一提的是,这里的whose roof 也可以说成the roof of which或of which the roof。假如roof前有\"the\"(限定词)则答案就可选C了。
【考例4】I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _______ she had come. (2006重庆)
A. of whichB. by which C. in whichD. from which
【点拨】D。本题先行词是direction,由上文run back与下文she had come可判断为direction是她来的方向,故用from which。 二、名词性从句
1. 名词性从句的语序问题与时(语)态的呼应。
【考例】As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______ and see him. (2005北京)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come 【点拨】A。本题考查宾语从句的语序和时态。分析句子结构可知,when引导的是一个宾语从句。宾语从句应使用陈述语序,因此可以排除B和D；又因为宾语从句come和see发生的时间为将来的动作,所以直接选用将来时态,故答案为A。
【拓展】只有在状语从句中可以用一般现在时表示将来的动作,而在宾语从句中不可以。
2. 连接词的选用。
【考例1】—It’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _______ we got lost on a rainy night.(2006四川)
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A. which B. that C. what D. when
【点拨】B。这是一个分隔同位语从句,we got lost on a rainy night是the story的内容。最大干扰项是which,它应该在从句中充当成分,而后面从句不缺少任何成分,所以应用that引导同位语从句。
【拓展】that引导名词性从句时,只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,本身也没有词义。在引导宾语从句时that可以省略,但在suggest,order等词后引导宾语从句时一般不省。另外,在由and或but引导的两个以上的宾语从句中,第一个that可以省略,其余的that 不可省略。 注意:that引导定语从句时要作定语从句的句子成分。
【考例2】Please remind me _______ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (2006全国I)
A. where B. when C. how D. what
【点拨】B。题干中第二个句子提供了关键的信息:be in time to do sth.,意为\"能赶得上做某事；不耽误做某事\因此应该用连接词when。
【考例3】We haven’t settled the question of _______ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (2006江苏)
A. if B. where C. whether D. that 【点拨】C。根据haven’t settled可知,for
him to study abroad是否必要还未确定。空白处应填表示\"是否\"的连接词,因而排除B、D。在同位语从句中只能用whether引导,故答案为C。 【拓展】whether和if都可以引导名词性从句,两者在以下情况下不能互换:
1)在引导表语从句、同位语从句以及位于句首的主语从句时,只能用whether。
2)介词后只能用whether引导宾语从句。
3)whether引导的宾语从句可以位于句首,而if引导的宾语从句不能。 3. what引导的名词性从句。
【考例1】See the flag on top of the building? That was _______ we did this morning. (2006全国I)
A. when B. which C. where D. what
【点拨】D。that指\"把旗竖(立)起来那件事\"。what引导表语从句,在从句中作did的宾语。what引导名词性从句时相当于\"名词+ 定语从句\此句中what就相当于the thing that (we did)。
【考例2】The poor young man is ready to accept _____ help he can get. (2005全国III)
A. whichever B. however
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C. whatever D. whenever 【点拨】C。此题的引导词须引导一个宾语从句且作从句中get的宾语,应选whatever,意为anything / everything that,故答案为C。 【拓展】特殊疑问词与ever构成复合连接代词或连接副词,如whoever,whatever,whichever,whomever,wher-ever等。在其引导名词性从句时,相当于\"名词+ 定语从句\"。这些词也可以引导状语从句。在引导状语从句时可以与\"no matter + 特殊疑问词\"结构互换。
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