第一部分 科技论文英文写作技巧
第一节 词 汇
1 概 述
1.1 生物医学英文论著写作要点
用中文和英文写作论著的基本原则是一致的。英文写作对于非英语国家的人来说,存在语言障碍。因此,写作英文论著,既要熟知生物医学论著写作的共同要点,又要学会准确使用英文。
对于初学者,在阅读英文文献时要注意英文表达方式,逐渐积累形成语感。应该用英文“写作”,切忌先写出中文后.再逐词逐句翻译成英文。在开始写作时,寻找与本研究内容相近的英美作者的论著作为写作参考,从模仿入手。
用英文表达的研究成果,必须在以下方面注意英文表达的特点和习惯,摆脱中文写作习惯方式带来的干扰。 1.2 单词(word)
单词是英文中最基本的单元。选择单词的原则是准确(precise)、简单(simple)、必要(necessary)和熟悉(familiar),还要符合医学的规范和习惯。 1.3句子(sentence)
句子是单词的排列组合。除了注意英文一般语法规则外,必须符合简明、直接了当的原则。在1个句子中说明l项事物,将句子的主题用主语表示,动作以动词表示,并选择恰当的句型。 1.4 段落(paragraph)
段落是若干个句子的排列组合,用以表述1个主题(或信息)。应当合理组织句子,保持段落内容的连续性、流畅性和逻辑性,注意句子之间的连接方式,使段落合乎逻辑地表达1个主题。 1.5 节(section)
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按论著格式,若干段落组成节(section),如摘要、引言、材料和方法、结果讨论等。每一节都要按照相应的要求组织,并围绕论著主题明确表述设想、实施、结果、得到的论点等各个环节,应注意各节之间的关系和连接。 1.6 全文(paper)
论著全文除了上述的各节内容外,还有题目、作者姓名、单位、地址、参考文献、致谢等内容。写完全文后,应当检查各部分内容是否明确、重点地反映了论著的主要论点,检查有无遗漏、错误,并仔细作文字调整和润色。有条件时,可请英文水平较高的专业人员或外国专家对论著进行审阅和修改。
2 单词选择
2.1 单词选择一般原则 2.1.1 基本要点
A.准确(precise) 科学论著中用词应当准确,对变化程度、变化特征(如增加、减少等)、时间、数量、实验方式、实验对象等问题,不能笼统含混地叙述,而应当用确切具体的单词来描述。
B.简单(simple) 用词(尤其是非专业用语)应尽可能简单,要用常用词汇,不要用冷僻词汇。
C.必要(necessary) 省略不重要的重复或无意义的词汇;保留句子或论文中明确说明信息的词汇。
D. 熟悉(familiar) 应当选用读者均熟悉的词汇。专业词汇要符合规范,面向非本专业的读者应对专业性强的术语作必要的说明解释,或改用能普遍接受的词汇。还应注意以下问题: a) 不自造单词(no invented words)。 b) 不用艰涩难懂的单词(no jargon)。 c) 尽量少用缩写词(few if any abbreviations)。 2.1.2其它
A.采用学术论著中常用的单词。
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B.注意单词在句子中的作用。 C.区别相似而不相同的单词。
D.根据上下文,而不是孤立地选择单词。 E.多读、多体会、多模仿。 2.2单词选择方法 2.2.1 用词准确
Example2.1 Renal blood flow was drastically compromised when the aorta was obstructed.
例句中的“compromised”不准确,没有说清楚肾血流发生了什么变化;“drastically”究竟是指到了什么程度,也不够明确,论著中应当用定量的词汇,可用描述变化程度定量的百分率,或用程度定性的副词如“greatly”。本句可作以下修改:
Revision 1 Renal blood flow was reduced by 80%when the aorta was obstructed.
Revision 2 Renal blood flow was greatly decreased when the aorta was obstructed.
Example 2.2 The short-circuit current remained increased for several hours.
例句中的“several”不准确,没有说清究竟是多长时间,应当写明具体时间,如3、5、7小时等。
Example 2.3 The change in short-circuit current produced by 10-5M major basic protein was 85%of the maximal response to isoproterenol. A higher concentration of major basic protein would therefore probably have produced only a minimal further increase in the short-circuit current. 例句中第一句的“change”不准确,没有说清楚这种变化是增加还是减少,从第二句才推断出是增加,因此,“change”应改为“increase”。 Example 2.4 Animals were studied in utero 4-9 weeks later.
例句中未说明是什么动物,“animals”应改为“dogs”、“lambs”等。 Example 2.5 In isolated,perfused dog lungs,infusion of serotonin was associated with an increase in microvascular pressure.
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例句中“was associated with”意义不准确,仅说明两种现象之间有关联,但不明确这种关联的特性,应作如下修改:
Revision 1 In isolated, perfused dog lungs,infusion of serotonin caused (or resulted in, or led to) an increase in microvascular pressure. Revision 2 In isolated, perfused dog lungs,infusion of serotonin increased microvascular pressure.
Example 2.6 The sailcylates are rapidly absorbed with a peak plasma salicylate concentration within 2 h.
在英文中“with”是一个多义词,许多情况下应当改用意义更明确的词,本句可改为:
Revision The salicylates are rapidly absorbed,reaching a peak plasma salicylate concentration within 2h. 2.2.2 用简单的词汇
Example 2.7 All heat-stable materials utilized in the isolation and processing of solution to be injected into mice were sterilized prior to use. 例句中,“utilized”改为“used”;“prior to”改为“before”,更简单易读。
Example 2.8 The Doppler signal displayed continuous low-frequency blood flow that was directed hepatopatally.
例句中“hepatopatally”过于专业化,改为“toward the liver”就易于为大多数读者理解。 2.2.3省略不必要的词汇
Example 2.9 After 4 h of hemodialysis,we abruptly ended the hemodialysis procedure.
例句中“hemodialysis”在句中出现两次,属于不必要的赘述,可以省略前面的“of hemodialysis”。
Example 2.10 Oxygen uptake in response to drugs was examined and found to vary considerably.
例句中“was examined and found to”也纯属无必要,因为作了检查才会有发现,至于有什么发现直接说明即可,本句可改为:
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Revision Oxygen uptake in response to drugs varied considerably. 2.2.4用读者熟悉的词汇 A.不自造单词
Example 2.11 We vortexed the tubes.
例句中“vortex”。是一个名词,习惯上不作动词用,并且许多人对该单词并不熟悉。本句可改为:
Revision We spun (or agitated) the tubes on a Vortex mixer Example 2.12 We studied the effect of clonidine on the hindleg reflexes of the spinalized rat.
例句中\"spinalized”意义完全不明确,究竟大鼠脊髓是切断?破坏?药物注射?麻痹?麻醉? B.不用难懂的单词
Example 2.13 After cutdowns of a femoral artery and vein,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.
例句中“cutdown”虽然在辞典中能找到,但用在此句中,意义不明确。可改为:
Revision 1 After inserting catheters into a femoral artery and vein ,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.
Revision 2 After inserting catheters into a surgically exposed femoral artery and vein,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.
Revision 3 After surgical cannulation of a femoral artery and vein,we removed the left fourth to eighth ribs.
Example 2.14 Scintillation fluid was added to the hot samples. 例句中“hot\"代表放射性标记物,但专业外人员难以理解,也不够规范。可改为“radioactive”或“radiolabeled”。
C.尽量少用缩写词 2.3 冠词
2.3.1 冠词用法错误
Example 2.15
误:An isoelectric point of MHH-MF was pH 5.0-6.6.
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正:The isoeleetric point of MHH-MF was found to be pH 5.0-6.6. 注:在上述情况,等电点对于MHH-MF而言是特定的;用was表示,
容易误解为即使不做实验等电点也是pH 5.0-6.6,因此在本文特定条件下,应改为was found to be。 Example 2.16
误:The enlargement of mesangial area was noted in DN group. 正:Enlargement of the mesangial area was noted in the DN group. 注:enlargement 不可数名词,不用定冠词;而mesangial area是特定的
领域,DN group是特定的组别,应当加定冠词。 Example 2.17
误:I has been well known that the beta-lactamase plays major role in
bacterial resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics.
正:It is well known that beta-lactamase plays a major role in bacterial
resistance to beta-lactamase antibiotics.
注:beta-lactamase是不可数名词,不用定冠词;而形容词修饰的名词前
一般要加冠词,因此major role前加不定冠词a。 Example 2.18
误:Antibody to BP was measured by passive hemagglutination technique
with tanned erythrocytes.
正:Antibody to BP was measured by the passive hemagglutination
technique with tanned erythrocytes. 注:在特定的技术前应当加定冠词。
Example 2.19
误:The tumor in bladder was transitional cell carcinoma. 正:The tumor in the bladder was a transitional cell carcinoma.
注:bladder和carcinoma都是可数名词。在此,bladder是特定器官,因
此要加定冠词:而carcinoma在此是指一种疾病类别,没有特定意义,故可加不定冠词(如carcinoma不是表示具体肿瘤,而表示肿瘤的一般概念,则是不可数名词,可以不加冠词)。 Example 2.20
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误:All experiments were performed three times and gave the similar
results.
正:All experiments were performed three times and gave similar(或the
same)results.
注:similar前不用定冠词,same前可用定冠词。
Example 2.21
误:In 1950s proteolipid was known to induce mild EAE in mice. 正:In the 1950s proteolipid was shown to induce mild EAE in mice. 注:遗漏定冠词,动词也用错。 2.4 动词
2.4.1 动词误作名词使用
Example 2.28
误:Comparison between 192 patients in the early age group and 219 in the
advanced group was examined.
正:One hundred ninety-two patients in the early age group and 219 in the
advanced group were compared.
注:句中comparison„„was examined其实包含了2个动词,不仅句子
结构变得复杂,还会造成理解上的困难,改成„„were compared,就显得简洁明了。 Example 2.29
误:Discussion was made concerning with possible role of various effective
nucleotides and nucleosides tested.
正:The possible role of the various effective nucleotides and nucleosides
tested was discussed.
注:discussion改成动词表示后,句子变得更直接而易懂;原句还少用2
个定冠词。 Example 2.30
误:We will proceed the determination the metabolites that depress the
activities of mucosal ALP.
正:We will proceed to determine what metabolites depress the activities of
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mucosal ALP.
注:本句将动词误用为名词。
Example 2.31
误:Breedings of these mice were done as described in the previous report. 正:These mice were bred as described in the previous report.
Example 2.32
误:The removal of clgp was performed with EDTA-GVB containing PMSF. 正:clgp was removed with EDTA-GVB containing PMSF.
注:以上2句将名词直接用动词表示,使句子意义更明确,结构更简短。 2.4.2 动词选择错误
Example 2.33
误:It was recently described that normal oligodendroglia contained
exclusively galactocerebroside.
正:It was recently reported that normal oligodendroglia contain exclusively
galactocerebroside.
注:described与后面的从句不符合,此外,从句中叙述的是已经得到的
知识,应当用一般现在时表示,不用过去时。 Example 2.34
误:Rabbit antiserum to BSA was supplemented to the reaction mixture. 正:Rabbit antiserum to BSA was added to the reaction mixture. 注:supplement用于一般性非特定意义的添加,如The medium was
supplemented with antibiotics;但在本句中,向培养液内加入具体的物质,应当用was added to。 Example 2.35
误:We designed an experiment to know whether the treatment abrogates the
cytotoxicity or not.
正:We designed an experiment to find out whether the treatment abrogates
the cytotoxicity or not.
注:设计实验是为了发现某现象,应当用find out或determine;而know
是指实验后知道某现象。
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Example 2.36
误:Primary murine Rous sarcoma was developed in adult mice by a
subcutaneous inoculation of a mixture of 5×106of chicken tumor ceils and„„
正:Primary murine Rous sarcoma was produced in adult mice by a
subcutaneous inoculation of a mixture of 5×106 of chicken tumor cells and„„
注:sarcoma是经诱导而产生,用to be produced为妥。
Example 2.37
误:Infection was protected by injection of IgG. 正:Infection was prevented by injection of IgG.
注:protect(保护)的宾语应是动物或人;infection不能用to be protected,
而应以to be prevented表示。 Example 2.38
误:In order to examine whether the tumor cells possess receptors„„ 正:In order to determine whether the tumor cells possess receptors„„
Example 2.39
误:We examined the cells to determine whether they possess receptors. 正:The cells were examined for the presence of receptors.
Example 2.40
误:We tried to examine whether or not the lesions contained neurogenic
cells.
正:We tried to determine whether or not the lesions contained neurogenic
cells. Example 2.41
误:Adherence of S.mutans cells to a glass surface was examined as
described previouslv.
正:Adherence of S.mutans cells to a glass surface was determined as
described previously. Example 2.42
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误:The presence or absence of metastasis was examined. 正:The tissues were examined for the presence of metastasis.
Example 2.43
误:NK activity of the spleen cells was performed as described by
Herberman.
正:NK activity of the spleen cells was determined as described by
Herberman. Example 2.44
误:The serum was biochemically determined for BUN,GOT,„„ 正:The serum was examined biochemically for BUN,GOT,„„ 注:以上各例是常见的examine和determine误用。examine是指为了明
确被检查的某种物体以及身体的状态,而作的仔细观察或调查;determine是指确定或阐明某种事实、现象等。 Example 2.45
误:The patients had been performed with radiation therapy for malignant
brain tumors.
正:The patients had received radiation therapy for malignant brain tumors. 注:perform用法错误。如用perform,则句子应改为:
Therapy is performed on patients。 Example 2.46
误:The pertussis component being comprised in these DPT vaccines was
that of a whole cell vaccine.
正:The pertussis component contained in these DPT vaccines was that of a
whole-cell vaccine. Example 2.47
误:Two possibilities are supposed concerning the origin of mature T cells in
the PLNs.
正:Two possibilities are proposed concerning the origin of mature T cells in
the PLNs. Example 2.48
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误:Naloxone also protected the codeine-induced lethality. 正:Naloxone also prevented the codeine-induced lethality.
Example 2.49
误:One must remind that a patient with constipation may have
Hirschsprung‟s disease,regardless her or his age.
正:One must remember that a patient with constipation may have
Hirschsprung‟s disease,regardless of her or his age. Example 2.50
误:Bovine leukemia virus was detected by in vivo methods from all sheep. 正:Bovine leukemia virus was isolated by in vivo methods from all sheep.
Example 2.51
误:It is described in the literature that extravasation of the tumor occurs
easily on these tumors.
正:It is reported in the literature that extravasation of the tumor occurs
easily with these tumors. Example 2.52
误:The neuronotrophic effect restored to the basal level by 21 days. 正:The neuronotrophic effect recovered to the basal level by the 21st day.
Example 2.53
误:The test drug was dosed to animals in the form of solution. 正:The test drug was administered to animals in the form of a solution.
3 句子结构
3.1 基本要点
生物医学论著写作中,影响句子简单和直截了当的常见原因有以下6个方面:
A. 没有在句子的主语、动词及补足成分中表达核心内容。应当将主题放在句子的主语;将动作放在动词。
B.多个名词堆砌。应当采用适当的形式,解开名词的缠结,使每
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一个名词的意义都能清楚地表达。
C. 一个句子包含过多的内容。不要将一连串意思放在一起;每一句子只陈述一个事物;使每一句子的平均长度控制在22个单词。 D.代词的先行词不明确。在一个代词有多个可能的先行词时,应当重复先行词而不用代词,或改变句子结构;没有明确先行词的代词(常是this),在代词后加上类别词。
E.没有用并列句型表达意义上平行的内容。应当采用并列句型表达两个句子之间的对比(contrast)、相似(similarity)、选择(alternative)和比较(comparison)的关系;在作比较时,常采用“than”,而不是“compared to”;不要比较不同性质的事物。
F.避免写作的纰漏。注意保持主语和动词在逻辑关系、单复数的一致;不要遗漏助动词;使括号内信息有明确的意义。
本章将根据生物医学英文论著的句子结构特点,从上述6个主要方面介绍常用的句子组织技巧,表达方法以及结构特点。 3.2 核心内容的表达
要使句子简单和直接了当,应当在句子的主语、动词及补足成分中表达核心内容。要达到这样的目的,应当将句子的主题(topic)放在主语;将行为、动作(action)放在动词。主题是指句子要表述的内容;行为、动作是指主题发生或作了些什么,或者为主题作了些什么。 3.2.1 用主语表达句子的主题
Example 3.1 The children with arteriovenous shunts had the shunts opened,heparin injected,and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt clamped
例句讲述的主题不是“children having something”,因此,将children had作为主题不恰当,其主语应当是shunts,heparin and the sides of the shunt。整句的信息是表达上述主语发生了什么,此句可作以下修改,将主题放在主语,这样主语和动词正确地表达了句子的信息。
Revision In the children who had arteriovenous shunts, the shunts were opened arin was injected,and the arterial and venous sides of the shunt were clamped.
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Example 3.2 The patient showed no change in symptoms.
例句的基本信息是病人的症状没有变化,显然用patient作主语不恰当,应改为:
Revision 1 The patient‟s symptoms did not change. Revision 2 The patient‟s symptoms were unchanged
Example 3.3 The patient was begun on 6 g of aspirin daily and had resolurion of his arthritis.
例句中,指的是用药后病人的arthritis发生了什么变化,因此,主语应是arthritis,本句可改为:
Revision 1 After the patient began taking 6 g of aspirin daily,his arthritis resolved.
Revision 2 Aspirin (6 g daily) resolved the patient‟s arthritis. 3.2.2用动词表达句子的行为、动作
在英文中,动词常用来表达主语的行为、动作、所处状态等。如用名词来表达主语的行为、动作、所处状态等,常造成句子意思模糊,使读者不易理解,此类写作错误常见有以下3种方式:将动作放在主语、宾语或介词短语中。
A.不适当地用主语表达句子的行为、动作等。 Example 3.4 An increase in heart rate occurred
例句中,动词occurred并不能真正表达句子的动作,而真正的动作increase在主语中表达,使句子变得复杂和间接。修改方法是将动作increase作为句子的动词,取代确定的动词occurred;将主题heart rate作为句子的主语。
Revision Heart rate increased.
显而易见,经修改后,句子变得简洁,意义明确。
Example 3.5 A progressive decrease in the death rate occurred. 例句中,主语decrease被用来表达句子的活动,动词occurred意义含糊不清,应改为
Revision The death rate decreased progressively.
Example 3.6 Evaporation of ethanol from the mixture takes place
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rapidly.
例句的意思应是混合物中的乙醇迅速地挥发,但例句中不恰当地将主语(乙醇)的行为evaporation作为主语,使得句子意思含糊,可修改为:
Revision 1 Ethanol evaporates from the mixture rapidly. Revision 2 Ethanol evaporates rapidly from the mixture
Example 3.7 Measurements of blood pH were made with a Radiometer capillary electrode.
与前例类似,此句中动词were made含义不清,不恰当地用主语表达主语的行为,应改为:
Revision Blood pH was measured by (or with) a Radiometer capillary electrode.
此句中,用“by”可强调仪器的作用,用“with”则可强调人操作仪器。
B.不适当地用宾语表达句子的行为、动作。
Example 3.8 The new drug caused a decrease in heart rate.
例句中,主语的动作不恰当地用宾语来表达,而将真正的宾语heart rate放在了介词短语中,造成句子意思间接、难懂,可改为: Revision The new drug decreased heart rate.
Example 3.9 We made at least two analyses on each spsecimen 例句的含义是指我们分析样本,主语“We”的动作应为“analyze”,此句可改为:
Revision We analyzed each specimen at least twice
此类不适当的句子的修改方法是删除句子中的动词,将宾语中表示动作的名词经改变词性后作为句子的动词。
C.不适当地用介词短语表达句子的行为、动作。
Example 3.10 With bilateral leg vessel congestion,the compliance of forearm vessels increased significantly.
例句中,从句的行为不恰当地用介词宾语“congestion”来表达,同时,从句中缺少动词,其结果足整个句子结构失衡、不易阅读。修改
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的方法是将“congestion”改成动词,并用“when”取代意思不明的介词“with”。
Revision When the vessels in both legs were congested,the compliance of forearm vessels increased significantly.
Example 3.11 With hypoxia of longer duration or severe degree,the shortening phase may get progressively briefer.
例句与前例一样,用介词短语表示句子的行为,应改为: Revision When hypoxia lasts longer or is more severe,the shortening phase may get progressively briefer.
Example 3.12 A capsule of amyl nitrite was crushed and held in front of the nose for 20 s with normal respiration maintained. 例句中的“with”意义不明确,且从句缺少动词,可改为: Revision A capsule of amyl nitrite was crushed and held in front of the nose for 20 s while the patient breathed normally
总之,在英语句子中,动词是句子关键性的血与肉(1ifeblood),省略动词的作用(用介词短语来表达从句的行为、动作)或减弱其作用(用主语或宾语表述行为、动作,动词用非确定性动词),会失去句子的精华,使句子难以理解。
要发现这些问题,一般可检查句子中动词与名词的比例,当动词与名词的比例增大时,句子常见易理解;比例变小时,则句子常不易理解。以下述例子加以说明。
D.如何发现句子的行为、动作没有用动词表达:a)注意句子中有无非确定性动词,如occurred、showed、caused、produced、was achieved、was obeyed、was noted等。b)注意由动词转变来的名词,这些名词常有特定的词尾。c)注意“increase”和“decrease”在句子可以作名词使用。d)注意“with”后紧跟一个由动词转变的名词,这种类型的名词包含动作,但不是动词。 3.3 常见错误
3.3.1 双重否定及否定句用法错误
Example 3.13
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误:No method for screening large groups of people has not been established.
正:No method for screening large groups of people has been established.
Example 3.14
误:No pathological changes were not found in these fetuses. 正:No pathological changes were found in these fetuses.
Example 3.15
误:The cause of cerebral gigantism is not yet unknown. 正:The cause of cerebral gigantism is not yet known. The cause of cerebral gigantism is still unknown.
Example 3.16
误:No contributory relationship between the rising of these values and the
presence of bone metastasis itself was not clear in this study. 正:There was no clear contributory relationship between the increase in
these values and the presence of bone metastasis itself in this study. 注:双重否定在英语中是表示肯定,但常会发生误用,以上例句都是误
用双重否定的表示。因此,在研究论文中一般以单纯的肯定或否定表示为妥。 Example 3.17
误:No loss of weight was observed in all of the infected mice. 正:No loss of weight was observed in any of the infected mice.
Example 3.18
误:It can be concluded that any colon of M.Leprae was never obtained in
aIl culture tubes examined.
正:It can be concluded that no colon of M.Leprae was ever obtained in any
culture tubes examined.
注:在否定句中,应以any,而不是a11表示。 3.3.2语序错误
Example 3.19
误:The cells were added with Eagle‟s MEM containing leucine.
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正:Eagle‟s MEM containing leucine was added to the cells.
注:什么物质加到哪里,常用add,本句的语序和前置词应作调整。
Example 3.20
误:Most of the cells were attached with bright fluorescent vesicles. 正:Most of the cells had bright fluorescent vesicles attached to them. 注:本句与上一例相似,什么物质加到哪里没有表示清楚。
Example 3.21
误:Concerning the effectiveness of drug,the important factor is drug
sensitivity to individual cancer tissue.
正:Concerning the effectiveness of a drug,the important factor is sensitivity
of the individual cancer tissue to the drug.
注:原句表示组织对药物的敏感性,但语序上却使人误解为药物对组织
的敏感性;此外,drug是可数名词,应加冠词。 Example 3.22
误:The Congo red stain was sensitive to the amorphous material. 正:The amorphous material was sensitive to Congo red stain. 注:什么对什么敏感的位置颠倒。
Example 3.23
误:A 54-year-old Chinese woman was pointed out a left lower mass on a
chest radiograph.
正:A left lower mass was pointed out on a chest radiograph of a 54-year-old
Chinese woman.
注:指出的不是女性病人,而应当是肿块。
Example 3.24
误:Fever due to infections were often complicated with patients with ATL. 正:ATL was often complicated by fever due to infection. 注:应当用发热症状说明句中主体(ATL)。
Example 3.25
误:The suppression mechanism of the enhancement was appeared to be
different.
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正:The mechanism of enhancement of suppression appeared to be
different.
注:原句意思是“抑制的增强机制”,但语序上使人误解为“增强的抑
制机制”。句中另一个错误是将appear用了被动语态。 Example 3.26
误:Inhibition rate of biosynthesis of PGE2.(Figure legend) 正:Rate of inhibition of biosynthesis of PGE2. 注:本句应将inhibition rate改为rate of inhibition。
Example 3.27
误:The transport mechanism of synthesized MBP in the oligodendrocyte to
the myelin is not affected by the mild mutation.
正:The mechanism of transport of MBP synthesized in the oligodendrocyte
to the myelin is not affected by the mild mutation. 注:语序有误,并遗漏了前置词of。
Example 3.28
误:Antilxxty-positive cattle to bovine leukemia virus(BLV)has been
considered as a source of BLV infection.
正:Cattle that are positive for antibody to bovine leukemia virus(BLV)
have been considered as a source of BLV infection.
注:原句中to bovine leukemia virus修饰了cattle,而正确的应当是修饰
antibody。另外,误将cattle当作单数名词。 Example 3.29
误:Activated lymph node cells by the subcutaneous injection of L.casei
played an important role in the inhibition of metastases.
正:Lymph node cells activated by the subcutaneous injection of L.casei
played an important role in the inhibition of metastasis.
注:原句中by the subcutaneous injection of L.casei修饰了cells,而正
确的应当是修饰activated。另一个错误是将metastasis(转移)用了复数形式metastases,一般意义的转移过程应当用单数,而复数形式指的是多个病灶的转移。
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Example 3.40
误:The bacterial numbers recovered in the treated beige mice seemed to be
comparable to those in untreated bg/+mice.
正:The namber of bacteria recovered from the treated mice seemed to be
comparable to those from untreated bg/+mice.
注:recovered的先行词应是bacteria,而不是numbers;此外,recovered
后用前置词from,而不是in。 Example 3.41
误:The mice were removed the left inguinal lymph nodes. 正:The left inguinal lymph nodes were removed from the mice. 注:语序有误,同时遗漏了前置词from。
Example 3.42
误:The patient died after 4 days of admission. 正:The patient died 4 days after admission. 注:语序有误,并用了不必要的前置词of。 3.5句子的错误
Example 3.43
误:On the contrary,neo-enactin inhibited the transport of sugar regardless
the concentration.
正:In contrast(或By contrast),neo-enactin inhibited the transport of sugar
regardless of the concentration.
注:on the contrary表示对他人意见或以前提出观点的反对态度,是一
种主观意志;in contrast(by contrast)则是对相反结果的客观陈述。当然,在科学研究论文中正确的用法应是in contrast(by contrast)。本句还遗漏了regardless后的of。 Example 3.44
误:„„resulting in the lowest five-year survival rate,despite of its good
resectability.
正:„„resulting in the lowest five-year survival rate,despite(或in spite
of)its good resectability.
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注:despite后的of不需要。
Example 3.45
误:The rate of T-antigen synthesis at 39℃ was almost similar to that at 33℃.
正:The rate of T-antigen synthesis at 39℃ was almost the same as that at 33℃.
注:similar表示相似,本句中不能用almost
Example 3.46
误:We think that the results are worthwhile to describe here. 正:We think that the results are worth describing here.
Example 3.47
误:The surface markers reported by„„were OKT3-,OKMl+,as same as
this case.
正:The surface markers reported by„„were OKT3-and OKMl+,as same as
in this case.
注:OKT3-和OKMl+之间少了and,as same as应改为the same as。
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第二节 论文写作
1 写作程序
1.1.初稿写作
写初稿难度较大,因为动笔之前只有一些原始数据和粗略的想法,从何处人手一般很棘手,要花费大量的时间和精力。 1.1.1基本条件
a)划出一段时间来写作,每天约3~4小时,约花4~5天。 b)在精力充沛时写作,在疲劳时难以保证写作的质量和速度。 c)在安静、无干扰的环境写作。
d)备齐各种写作所必需的材料:数据、图、表、参考文献、计算机、纸,乃至茶和咖啡。
e)确定投稿期刊,或粗略地分临床医学、基础医学、综合性期刊,按不同要求来写作。 1.1.2 基本过程
a)写初稿应当从容易写的部分开始,一般先写方法、结果,然后写讨论、引言、摘要、图表及其说明、题目、参考文献等,但因人而异,因文而异,选择自己容易写作的次序。
b)先不要固定框架,随思而写,可以跨越句子或段落,在写的过程中会逐渐形成合理的思路。尽量顺着思路尽快完成初稿,先不考虑各种具体的写作要求和原则,将初步形成的文脉和初步轮廓储存于计算机。 c)已经开始写作并有思路后就不要停下,为了提高写作速度,可频繁使用自己知道的缩写词,一下想不起的单词或句子,可以先空着,在修改时再加以规范和补充。
d)论著中的论点是核心,较理想的方式是写初稿时先设计好核心问题及其答案,先写什么后写什么,列出个提纲,然后以此为纲要组织各部分内容的写作。
e)写初稿时,不要求全,先写一些已经想到的事项(如引言写若干句,讨论写若干个段落),以免一开始就陷入僵局,使思维中断。
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1.2修改、定稿
初稿完成后,按各个部分的要求及全文一致的原则,列出核对表(checklist),仔细进行修改完善。 1.2.1基本程序
a)先检查论著的结构和组织;较为满意后,分别对段落结构、句子结构和单词选择进行修改,特别要注意确定主题词和主题句;最后检查全文,作进一步的调整和修改。
b)将主题句放在段落的开始,然后以较详细的说明来论证。 c)试着从读者的角度,考虑如何写得更清楚。科学论著的要旨是追求对科学内容作清楚(clear)的叙述,而不是象写诗那样追求华丽动人。 d)写完一遍后,如时间许可,可以放1-2周,对论著有所遗忘后,再读该论著,这将会有许多新的感受和想法,再作修改就有目标。请本专业或邻近专业研究人员阅读一遍,听取他们的意见,会有许多启发。一篇论著往往需要4-5个往复。 1.2.2 投稿前核查
投稿前,再对以下三个方面作核查:
a)论著是否解答了提出的问题,所叙述内容是否与该问题一致? b)题目是否包含了必要的项目,引言是否提出问题,方法、结果、讨论是否解答了问题?
c)图、表的说明是否合理,统计量(均数、标准差或标准误、样本数等)是否都准确? 1.3投稿及发表有关事项
论著完成后,如何投稿将关系到论著能否发表。应当按照国际生物医学期刊对原稿的统一要求(参见附录2),还应当根据拟投期刊的具体要求来最后整理论著。以下介绍投稿中的一些主要问题。 1.3.1投稿期刊的选择
A.专业对口 论著一般投到本专业的期刊;属于学科交叉的论著,则需要慎重考虑后确定投向;对于学术价值重大对自然科学较大范围都可能产生影响的论著,可以考虑投送到高水平的自然科学综合期刊,如国际上的Nature、Sclence,国内的《中国科学》等。
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B.水平相当 作者应对论著达到哪级水平有充分的自我估计,然后根据论著的学术水平决定投到国际著名期刊、国际一般期刊、国内的重要期刊或一般期刊。有时要作好两手准备,先投哪一级期刊,如不成再改投哪一级期刊。
c.其他 根据实际情况,还应当考虑到出版费用、出版周期、方便程度等因素。 1.3.2 投稿步骤和材料
A.再三校对作者姓名及单位的拼写(包括字母的大小写)、正文、数据、参考文献等正确与否。
B.核对正文、图(有时需要图的数据)、表、照片、磁盘等附属资料,最好事先列出目录,以免遗漏。
C.给期刊编辑部的信,说明投稿该刊的理由。有些期刊需要向编辑部声明未一稿两投、作者署名无争议的事项。
D.根据投稿期刊的要求,提供单位介绍信、关干论著的其他证明材料(如全体作者的签名、合作单位的证明等)。 1.3.3 稿件修改和校对
A.投稿后一般有三种情况:不需修改即可发表;可以发表但需修改;不能发表。
B.修改:必须对编辑和审稿人的意见逐条解答和说明.对他们的意见有不同看法时可以如实说明,解答和说明同样应有充分依据和适当的表述。根据提出的意见对沦著进行文字修改和调整,有时需要补充实验。这些工作直接关系到论著是否被采用,必须认真对待。
C.校对:被采用的稿件,排印后会寄送作者校对,应在收到校对稿后仔细校核内容和数据,有错误处,以规定的格式用红笔纠正,校对稿应于2天内校完寄出,以免耽误出版。收到校对稿时,同时还有版面费收缴通知和单行本(reprint)征订通知,应及时办理,否则会影响及时出版,或影响今后与人交流。 1.3.4 论著发表后的工作
A.有一定影响的论著(尤其是英文发表的论著)公开发表后,世界各地科学家均会来信索取单行本。这是学术交流的一个部分,应当予以
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重视,及时邮送。为了对此有所准备,论著清样校对时,就应该订购一定数量的单行本。
B.要了解自己论著在国内外产生的影响,在论著发表一段时间后,可通过不同方式了解被收入索引和引用的情况。
c.有些论著发表后,会有人向期刊社或作者提出不同看法,此时,作者有义务向对方说明自己的观点,如确属自己失误的当予纠正。有些期刊经常刊登不同意见双方的讨论或争论。
2 题目
2.1 一般原则
A.题目的作用有两点:提示论文的主题或要点;引起读者的注意。 B.写题目应当注意的要点:精确(accurate)、完整(complete)、特异(specific)、明确(unambiguous)、简练(concise)、重要的词放在开始(important word first)。
C.题目一般以短语形式表示;有时也可用句子表示,但一些期刊不接受句子表示的题目。
D.题目长度:一般控制在100个印刷字符以内(包含单词之间的空格);简题一般在40个印刷字符之内(包含单词之间的空格)。 2.2 结果论文(results papers)题目 A.包含下列3项基本信息:
a)自变量(independent variable,X)。为研究者操作的因素; b)因变量(dependent variable,Y),为观察或测定的项目; c)动物种属或实验人群以及材料(species or population and material,Z),为研究的对象
B.仅包含因变量的论文题目
C.题目中包含的其他信息 如实验对象状况及实验技术等,举例如下:
Example 2.1 Effect of Hypoproteinemia on Fluid Balance in the Lungs of Awake Newborn Lambs.
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D.在题目中陈述论点 如果论文得到明确而强有力的论点,也就是解答了提出的问题时,应当在题目中表示。表示方式可采用短语或句子。 a)在短语中陈述论点:可采用形容词或名词,放在短语开始部分的因变量前,所用的形容词或名词来源于问题和解答中的动词。例如,正文中的问题是“to determine whether the metalbolic rate in rats is reduced during radio-frequency irradiation”,并且回答是“yes”,题目中的论点可用“reduced”(见下例)。
Example2.2 Reduced Metabolic Rate in Rats during Radio-Frequency Irradiation
问题为“to determine whether protein-calorie malnutrition alters lung mechanics”时,在因变量前用名词“alteration”表示论点(见下例)。 Example 2.3 Alteration of Lung Mechanics by Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in Weaned Rats.
有时采用形容词加名词来表示论点,举例如下:
Example 2.4 Hypoxia-Induced Alteration of Vascular Reactivity to Norepinephrine in Isolated Perfused Lung from Cats.
b)在句子中陈述论点:有时采用句子形式表示论点,句子中的动词时态用一般现在时。句子陈述论点比短语更有力,更容易吸引读者,因为句子用动词表达动作,比形容词或名词更有力。
Example2.5 Verapamil and Diet Halt the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits 2.3 方文(methods papers)题目
方文的题目应当写明采用的方法、装置或材料,也应包括方法中采用的动物种属、受试人群,还应指出方法是新方法还是改进的方法。 A.写明方法、装置或材料的名称 如果名称是明确的,题目中应写出具体名称(Example 2.6,2.7);如没有具体名称,则在题目中用“method”或“apparatus”(Example 2.8)。
Example2.6 Endotracheal Flowmeter for Measuring Tidal Volume Airway Pressure,and End-Tidal Gas in Newborns
Example 2.7 Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes for Distinguishing
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Unique Antigens in Secretory Cells of Heterogenous Exocrine Organs. Example 2.8 A Method for Purifying the Glycoprotein IIb-Ⅲa Complex in Platelet Membrane
B.写明该方法的目的 陈述目的时,采用“for doing”形式,在Example 2.6和2.8中均用这种形式;Example 2.7采用修饰形式“as probes for distinguishing”,这些表示法都明确指出该方法的目的。如果用了“for”而不用“doing”,则使题目不明确,举例如下:
Example 2.9 A Double-Catheter Technique for Caudally Misdirected Catheters in the Umbilical Artery
该题目中的a double-catheter technique未能指出目的是为了什么,作以下修改后.目的就很明确了:
Revision A Double-Catheter Technique for Avoiding Caudally Misdirected Catheteres in the Umbilical Artery.
C. 指出新方法或改进的方法 陈述新方法的论文题目中,一般不需用“new”或“novel”,就可被读者理解。但是,应当指出方法最重要的特征或最重要的优点,Example 2.9中的“double-catheter”就是新方法最重要的特征。如果陈述改进的方法,要指出其最重要的特征或最重要的优点,Example2.10中的“noninvasive\"就是改进后最重要的优点;如不容易写明这些特征或优点,可用一般性的“improved”来表示(Example 2.11)。
Example 2.10 Noninvasive Method for Monitoring Blood Gases in the Newborn.
Example 2.11 An Improved Method for Isolating Type II Cells in High Yield and Purity. 2.4 写好题目的要点
A. 精确(accurate) 对于结果论文,题目用词应当与正文中的问题及其解答的用词一致,包括自变量、因变量、动物种属、受试人群、材料、条件、实验步骤、论点(Example 2.12);方文中,方法名称、目的、动物种属、受试人群、材料等的用词应与正文中的一致。 Example 2.12
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Title:Neutrophil-Induced Injury of Epithelial Cells in the Pulmonary
Alveoli of Rats.
Question:To determine whether the injury of epithelial cells in the
pulmonary alveoli that occurs in many inflammatory conditions is induced in part by stimulated neutrophils.We exposed monolayers of purified alveolar epithelial cells from rats to stimulated human neutropbils and measured cytotoxicity using a 51Cr-release assay. Answer: We conclude that stimulated neutrophils induce injury in epithelial
cells in the pulmonary alveoli
B. 完整(complete) 题目应包含各种主要信息,但是,当论文中的论点,或自变量、因变量有两个或两个以上时,就难以做到完整,此时应当用类别词或突出一个最主要的。
C.特异(specific) “and”和“with”常常使题目的特异性模糊“And”在表达并列意义时不存在问题,如“Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Halothane in Normoxic and Hypoxic Newborn Lambs”;但是,将“Effect of X on Y in Z”格式写成“X and Y in Z”,则不能表达自变量X和因变量Y之间的关系(Example 2.13)。“With”也是特异性不强的广义词,除了用于特定的词组“compared with”、“measured with”、“treated with”等之外,应当尽量少用“with”.改用能明确表示单词之间关系的词(Example 2.14)。
Example 2.13 Airway Caliber and the Work of Breathing in Humans. Example2.13的题目表达缺乏特异性,未说清楚Airway Caliber和work of Breathing in Humans之间的关系,如用“Effect of X on Y in Z\"的句型则能清楚地表示,见以下修改:
Revision Effect of Airway Caliber on the Work of Breathing in Humans.
Example 2.14 Bronchoconstriction, Gas Trapping, and Hypoxia with Methacholine in Dogs
Example2.14中用With不能明确表示Methacholine与Bronchoconstriction, Gas Trapping,and Hypoxia之间的关系,可作如下
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修改:
Revision Bronchoconstriction, Gas Trapping,and Hypoxia Induced by Methacholine in Dogs.
D.明确(unambiguous) 为使题目更为明确,应当注意单词选择和句子结构的一般原则,特别要避免名词堆砌、形容词位置不当及不适当使用缩写词。
a)名词堆砌 名词堆砌的问题可以单独存在(Example 2.15),也可以存在于形容词后(Example2.16)。
Exampie
2.15
Effects
of
Alveolar
Pressure
on
Lung
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Function in Rabbit Lungs in Vivo. 该题目中Function出现在几个名词之后,因此Function的作用不明确。为了明确Function的作用,该词应当出现在on的后面,Lung可以省略,因为题目中还有Lungs,可作如下修改:
Revision Effects of Alveolar Pressure on the Function of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Rabbit Lungs in Vivo.
Example 2.16 A Delivery-Independent Blood Flow Effect on Fatigue of the Skeletal Muscles.
该题目中形容词组Delivery-Independent后有3个名词,难以看出是说明哪一个名词。由于本题目中Blood Flow实际上是个名词,形容词组应当是修饰Effect和Blood Flow,可作如下修改:
Revision A Delivery-Independent Effect of Blood Flow on Fatigue of the Skeletal Muscles
b)形容词位置不恰当。为了表达得更明确,形容词应该紧接着所修饰的单词,例如:“altered permeability”;“rats ventilated with ozone”。如果形容词与所修饰单词之间夹杂了其他单词,就会出现位置不恰当而导致意义不明确,Example2.16以及以下例子都是形容词位置不恰当的例子。
Example 2.17 Alterations in Pulmonary Fluid Balance Induced by Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.
该题目中Positive End-Expiratory Pressure好像是引起Pulmonary
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Fluid Balance,但实际上是引起Alterations。可有两种修改方法,一种是将Alterations in改为Altered (Revision 1);另一种是用表示时间的介词during或after代替因果关系词induced by (Revision 2)。 Revision 1 Altered Puhnonary Fluid Balance Induced by Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.
Revision 2 Alterations in Pulmonary Fluid Balance During Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.
C)缩写词 在题目尽可能避免使用缩写词。题目往往与正文分离.例如排列在期刊的目录,收载于检索系统中(Index Medicus,Currant Contents等)的条目,缩写词可以造成非本专业读者难以理解。 Example 2.18 Quantification of the Effect of Pericardium on the LV Diastolic PV Relation in Dogs.
Revision Quantification of the Pericardium Effect on the left Ventricular Diastolic Pressure-Volume Relation in Dogs.
E.简练(concise) 短的题目给人的印象更为深刻,因此,在不影响准确、完整、特异、明确的前提下应当尽可能写短题目,这就要求题目的简练。一般而言,题目应控制在100个字符(包括单词间的空格)之内。但是,不要单纯追求字符减少,目的还是应当将论文的主题、论点准确、完整、特异、明确地表达出来,如能满足这些条件的基础上写出短的题目,则是较理想的。做到简练有两种方法,即省略不必要的单词以及组合好必要的单词。
a)省略不必要的单词。可以省略非必要的开头词,如“Nature of”和“Studies of”等。
Example 2.19 Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Disposition of Acetaminophen in the Sheep Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit.
该题目中,Pharmacokinetic Studies of为不必要的成分,因为Disposition已经可以表示具体的Pharmacokinetic Studies内容,如果Disposition不能涵盖全部内容,可以用Pharmacokinetics表示。 Revision Disposition of Acetaminophen in the Sheep Mat- ernal-Placental-Fetal Unit.
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一般在题目开头单词前的“the”可以省略,如“the effect of”、“the distribution of”等,但是在题目中问的单数名词前的“the”不能省略。 b)组合必要的单词 可采用以下方法:①用类别词,如Lung,Liver,Lymph Nodes,and Blood Leukocytes可用Extrapulmonary Tissues表示;②用形容词,如Example 2.17中,Altertions in可用Altered表示;③用名词组,Example2.20用Rat代替题目末尾的in Rats,当然,如果题目不长,也可不用此类名词组。
Example 2.20 Renal Mechanism of Action of Atrial Na- triuretic Factor in Rats.
Revision Renal Mechanism of Action of Rat Atrial Natriuretic Factor.
F.重要的词放在开始(important word first) 为了吸引读者的注意,应将重要的词放在题目的开始。不论自变量还是因变量,都可以根据其重要性,决定是否放在题目的开始。
Example 2.21 Impaired Pulmonary Function in Newborn Lammbs Anesthetized with Halothane
G.形容词的选择 在题目中表明论点时,常用形容词来修饰主题词。主题词有定量(可测量)和定性(表示性质,不能定量测定)。用于修饰定量主题词时可用“increased”、\"decreased’’或“reduced”,例如:“Reduced Metabolic Rate in Rats During Radio-Frequency Irradiation”,在此,metabolic rate是属于可测量的定量主题词。修饰定性主题词时可用“improved”或“impaired”。 2.5 副题(subtitle)
有些期刊允许使用副题,因此,可以将一般性论题放在主题目,将特异性论题放在副题。有时在系列论文,可以加上编号。
Example 2.22 Human Apolipoprotein B:Structure of the Carhoxyl-Terminal Domains and Sites Of Gene Expression.
Example 2.23 Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis:A Serial Two- Dimensional Doppler Echocardiographic Study. 2.6作者署名、单位和地址
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2.6.1作者署名
作者应是参加论文研究工作,并能对论文内容负责、解释论文有关问题的人员。论文投稿时作者名单的排序应当没有争议,特别在两家或两家以上单位合作时,应当事先充分协商。第一作者应是论文主要设计和研究者,一般应承担论文修改、与编辑部联系等工作。作者人数不应过多,在众多研究人员参加的论文,在作者名单上仅列出主要研究人员,其他人员在致谢中感谢他们为论文作出的贡献。
中国人的人名与英美国家不同,是姓在前,名在后。发表英文论文时,按姓名的汉语拼音拼写姓名。可以根据投稿杂志所在地的习俗,将名放在前,姓放在后,如Linyao Han(韩林耀)。姓和名可以各写成一个词,例如Han Linyao,如名的第二个字以元音字母开始,两个字之间用“”撇开,例如章建安,可以写成Zhang Jian'an。
中国药理学报对中国人名拼写方法的规定是:双姓和双名的两个字之间用短横隔开;并且,姓都用大写字母,双名的两个字第一个字母都大写,这样可以准确地表示中国人的姓与名。例如:HAN Lin-Yao(韩林耀)、ZHANG Jian-An(章建安)、SHANG-GUAN Fang(上官芳)、OU-YANG Ji-Nan(欧阳济南)。这种拼写方法比较合理,但是还应根据投稿期刊的要求来拼写。 2.6.2 单位
单位指论文研究进行所在的研究机构,如有两个或两个以上单位,应按期刊的不同要求,以不同方式表示各个作者与其单位的关系。 2.6.3 地址
研究单位所在的街区及号码、城市、邮政编码、国别。如: 353,Yan’an Road,Hangzhou 310031,China 2.6.4 下脚标注(Footnotes)
关于论文的有些事项需要在论文第一页的下脚附加说明,包括: A.经费资助来源,如:
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.····)。
B.论文内容是否在学会发表过,如:
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Part of the material in this paper was presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society of „,Tokyo,on April 10,1996 C.作者有关情况(如工作调动等),如:
Dr. Zhang MK is now in Department of Biology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
D.负责通信联系的作者姓名、通信地址、电话号码、传真号码、E-mail地址,如:
Corrspondence to Prof.Lin HS. Department of Biochemistry,353 Yan’an Road,Hangzhou 310031,China.Tel:86-571-„ ,Fax:86-571-„„,E-mail:linhs@......
3 摘 要
3.1 摘要的功能
科研论著摘要的功能是提供对这篇论著的总结,记述主要内容和最重要的结果,仅读了摘要就能使读者理解论著内容。作为的摘要(如出现在各种检索系统),它必须反映论著的主旨并提供必要的细节;如果作为隶属于文章的摘要(与论著全文一起刊登),那么它不仅是一篇简明的预览,同时还是论著主题的清楚、精确的概括。
摘要既不能笼统、含糊,也不能烦琐、复杂,它必须是明确的和有选择性的。正如字面含义,摘要即把论著的要点摘录出来。有时在摘要中的概述比正文中的概述更为明确,原因是在正文中概述部分往往被省略,或正文中的细节使得概述模糊不清。因此,一篇清楚简明的摘要可以弥补正文中概述的不足。 3.2 结果论著摘要 3.2.1 结果论著摘要的内容
结果论著的摘要应该简洁地阐明提出的问题是什么、对解决此问题做了什么工作、有什么发现以及问题的答案是什么。此外,摘要的开头可以介绍一些背景知识来帮助读者了解问题,并用对实验结果意义的分析或在此基础上的进一步讨论来结尾。
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A.问题(question) 摘要中应明确提出问题。如果你的问题不止一个,体也许不能将全部问题都概括进摘要中,在这种情况下,你可以在摘要中提出最重要的问题。
B.做了什么(what was done) 叙述你的研究对象(动物种属或人群)和材料。如果可能,还可包括动物或人的机能状况,例如处在麻醉状态下等。摘要中要说明实验的目的和步骤,包括自变量和因变量,但只摘录重要的实验材料和方法。
C.发现了什么(what was found) 摘录有针对性的主要研究结果,对最重要的结果可给出数据说明。尽可能用变化百分比代替确切数据,不必附图表。
D.答案(answer) 陈述问题的答案。确信这个答案回答了你所提出的问题,不要用不明确的语句,如:“The causes of this response are discussed”。
E.背景(background) 如果读者不明白为何你会提出这个问题,可在摘要的开头用1-2个句子介绍一下背景知识。这种背景介绍应该与论著引言部分一致,但更为简炼。
F. 意义或推测(implication or speculation) 如果论著的部分或全部重点是所研究问题答案的意义或暗喻,或是基于结果的推测,应在摘要末尾用一句话来陈述意义或推测。 3.2.2 结果论著摘要的组织
A. 全篇组织 摘要的全篇组织方式与论著相同:背景(background,并非必需),问题(question),做了什么(what was done),发现了什么(what was found),答案(answer),意义或推测(implication or speculation,并非必需)。但是,摘要往往采用一种顺序流畅的体裁:通常只有实验对象、它们的状况、材料、简明的实验步骤,具体内容(如特定的自变量或因变量、剂量、方法等)可在“发现了什么”中讲述。这种组织方法避免了重复。
虽然摘要的内容是基于论著的,它却并非等量地取自论著的每一段。摘要包括了论著中引言部分的许多内容(如背景、问题、实验步骤、动物种属或人群、它们的状况、材料等),但来自方法部分的具体内容
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较少(如自变量和因变量、剂量、方法等)。只有重要结果和重要数据取自结果部分和图表,只有答案(有时有意义或推测)取自讨论部分。 B.结果的组织 如果在摘要中有2个或2个以上的结果,那么将它们按逻辑顺序排列,可按从重要到次要排列,也可由次要到重要排列。前一种情况下,应把对照结果写在最后。 3.2.3 结果论著摘要的写作要点
A.连续性 为使摘要通篇简明流畅,注意重复关键词,细节描述用相同的顺序,问题和答案中的观点要保持一致,对于对照和其他论点也采用相似的形式和一致的观点。
B.标记主题 摘要习惯上只有1个段落。因此,如果结果性论著摘要的每一部分都有特殊标记,那么不仅在视觉上(以新句子起首),而且在言语表现上(在句子开头陈述主题)作标记,有助于读者理解。所以,在提出问题、介绍发现以及给出结果时,都应另起一句。一般用“We found that”或其他类似的语句来标记“发现了什么”,用“We conclude that”或“Thus”等作为“答案”的标记。“问题”和“做了什么”通常放在同一个句子里,例如:“To determine X,we„.”。但是,当句子太长时可将两者分开。你可用这样的引导句:“We asked whether„”(问题)和“To answer this question,we„”(做了什么)。
如果你的摘要还需说明意义(implication),应注意使用明确的标记和适当的动词将它与答案区分开来。对于答案,除了用“We conclude that”和“Thus”以外,你还可以用“These findings show that”,“These results indicate that”,或者“Therefore”。在答案里可使用1个特定的动词,比如“We conclude that X causes Y”,在此“we conclude that”是答案的特定标记,而“causes”就是特定动词。而对于意义来说,经常使用这样的语句“These results suggest that”或“We suggest that”,通常后面跟有1个情态动词。例如:“These results suggest that X may play a role in Y”,这里“These results suggest that”是意义的特殊标记,“may play”就是情态动词。而最明确的区分方式就是将“答案”和“意义”放在不同的句子里。
有些刊物不允许在摘要中出现“we”。在这些期刊中,问题、所做工
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作和发现等标记语的用法是比较棘手的。可以使用以下语句,“问题”和“做了什么”:“To determine Q,X was injected into Z and Y was assessed”(即用被动时态描述你做了什么);单独提出“问题”:“This study asks whether„„”。单独介绍“所做的工作”:“To answer this question,X was injected into Z and Y was assessed”或“For this study,X was injected into Z and Y was assessed”(被动时态)。“发现了什么”:“The findings were that„„”(而不是“The findings show that„”,这是“答案”的标记)。“答案”:“Thus”,“There fore”,或“This study shows that„„”。“意义”:“These results suggest that„”。有些标记又长又烦,但在你不能用“we”的时候它们还是最佳选择。
C.动词时态 摘要的动词时态应该和论著相同。“问题”和“答案”用现在时,“做了什么”以及“发现什么”用过去时。
D.句子结构 提倡写短句。尽量避免名词堆砌。如果文中的专业术语由若干词组成,写短句可能比较麻烦。
E.单词选择 使用简单的词。为了其他专业读者方便起见,避免使用过于专业的术语或行话。
F.缩写词 不要随意使用缩写词。可自由使用标准的计量单位缩写(国际缩写系统),当然你也可使用标准的、被广泛接受的缩写词如DNA。但是那些半标准和非标准的缩写词常使得阅读很困难,因而要尽量避免。如果你必须使用1个未被广泛接受的非标准缩写词,那么可在第一次使用的时候给它下1个定义,如“glutamate pyruvate transferase(GPT)”。某些专业期刊允许使用那些在它们的专业范围内是标准的缩写词,而不必在摘要和论著中下定义,但这样还是使新手在阅读时很费劲。
对于那些喜欢条条框框的人来说,1个缩写词(并非1个计量单位)是没问题的,2个也可以,3个就无法忍受了,因为这样阅读难度就呈几何级数递增。如果你不能避免使用缩写词,那么在1篇摘要中最好只使用1个,尽量不要超过3个。 3.2.4 结果论著摘要的长度
绝大多数的期刊都摘要的长度(通常是250个词或更少)。
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“Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals”指定控制在150个词之内。如果没有说明,那么尽可能不要超过该期刊最近刊登论著摘要的长度。
不要仅仅为了凑数将不重要的细节和不必要的词语写进摘要。假如你可以把摘要写得更简短些,那么就写得更简短些吧。
如果你加入的细节越多,那么你的摘要将随之越会失去可读性,所谓“只见树木,不见森林”。你要做的恰好相反,因为1篇简短的摘要最容易突出主旨,所以尽量保证你的摘要短小精悍。无论如何都不要使你的摘要超过250个词,即使该刊物甚至发表更长的摘要。
当然,在你努力使摘要精炼的时候,要防止写成电报的形式;也不要省略必要的东西,写成如“a's,”、“an's”、“the's”等。 3.3 方著摘要 3.3.1 方著摘要的内容
方著是指那些论述新的或改进的研究方法,论述新的或改进了的实验研究仪器或新材料的论著。
方著摘要应包括以下信息:方法、仪器或材料的名称;目的;所用动物种属或人群;仪器或材料的关键特征、如何运作;优点;这些方法、材料或仪器是通过什么来验证的;它们运作是否良好。 A.名称(name) 如果新方法、新仪器或新材料有特点的名称,摘要中就应该使用该名称。如果无特有的名称,就使用类别词如“method”或“apparatus”等,或者可能的话,在类别词前加1个形容词以描述其关键特征。例如,“a system for measuring oxygen consumption continuously in fetal sheep has been developed”,在这个句子中,“system”是1个类别词;如改成:“a microcomputer-based system for measuring oxygen consumption continuously in fetal sheep has been developed”,则是用形容词“microcomputer-based”来修饰类别词,以显示系统的1个关键特征,这样更能清楚地说明问题。
如果要说明的方法是原有方法的一种改进,可以在名称或类别词前加“improved”以表示这种关系。如果是全新的方法,就没有这个必要,但也未尝不可。
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B.目的(purpose) 新方法、新仪器或新材料的目的一般以“for doing X”这样的动词形式来表达,有时也可用“to do X”的形式。上述例子就以这样的形式来表达:“a microcomputer-based system for measuring oxygen consumption continuously in fetal sheep”,这个短语就表达了该“system”的目的和用途。
C.动物种属(species) 新方法、仪器或材料所用动物种属或人群也应该在摘要中指出,除非它们适用于所有人群或者既适用于人类也适用于其它物种。在上述例子中,动物种属是“fetal sheep”。
D. 主要特征及方法使用(key features and how the method works) 仪器或材料的关键特征、方法或仪器是如何运作的也要在摘要中加以描述,这样是为了告诉读者你所研究的到底是什么,便于读者了解。 E.优点(advantages) 摘要中要包括优点,这是为了让读者确信这种新方法是一种好的方法或者这种新改进的方法优于原有方法。改进的方法应该能够解决老方法中存在的问题。通过介绍优点,就能够让读者明白这种方法是有用的、需要的。
F.如何验证及运作是否良好(how it was tested and how well it works) 方法是如何被验证的及运作是否良好也要写进摘要中,目的是为了让读者确信该方法是可靠的、准确的。 3.3.2 方著摘要的组织
一篇方著的摘要中的信息,基本上按照上述所讲的顺序来组织。确切地说,摘要应总是以方法的名称打头,然后写该方法的目的及该方法所适用的对象,接着写它的主要特征或它是如何运作的。然而,最后3项(优点、验证、运作情况)的顺序,如有必要可以变更。 在1个句子里往往包括1项以上信息。确切地讲,方法的名称、用途及所采用的对象总是在1个句子中。方法是如何被检验的及运作是否良好,也常在1个句子中。 3.3.3 方著摘要中的动词时态
在命名方法的句子中,动词可以是过去时、现在完成时、或现在时,依使用的动词而定。如“An improved method has been developed”(因在过去完成,用现在完成时),或“An improved method is described”(仍
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为事实,用现在时)。描述方法及它的优点的句子,动词用现在时,如:the system includes„„;the method cuts short and simplifies the conventional procedure„„;additional advantages of the method are„„。论述方法是如何被检验的及检验结果如何的句子,动词用过去时,如:the flowmeter accurately measured a wide range of tidal volumes。 3.3.4 方著摘要的写作
写方著摘要的其它注意点,如连续性、句子的结构、词汇的选择、缩写和摘要长度的一般原则与结果性论著的相同。
Example 3.1
A1An improved method has been developed A2 for isolating alveolar type II cells
A3
by digesting lung tissue with elastase and“panning”the
resultant cell suspension on plates coated IgG.B This method provides both
C1C2high yield and high purity of type II cells. In 50 experiments in rats, we Dobtained 35±11(SD)×106 cells/rat,±4%of which were type II cells.
In addition,type II cells isolated by“panning”adhere more rapidly and completely in tissue culture than do cells isolated by centrifugation over discontinuous density gradients of metrizamide.E Finally,the method is reproducible and easily adapted to isolating type II cells from species other than rats.
Al Name;A2 Purpose;A3 How it works;B Advantages;Cl How it was tested;C2 How well it works;D,E Advantages
该摘要以1个类别词“method”开头,并以修饰词“improved”来描述它(A1),接着就指出它的目的(A2),再接下来是对该方法如何运作的1个简洁描述(A3),所有这些信息都在1个句子中。虽然研究是在大鼠上做的(C句),但该法也可适用于人类及其它物种(E句),所以并未指出动物种类。B句描述了该方法的2个优点(high yield and high purity),C1告诉我们该方法是如何被检验的,然后给出支持上述优点的数据,显示该方法是否运作良好(C2)。D句论述了和其它方法相比的两大优点,更支持了在句首就指出的该方法是一种改良方法的提法(A1)。E句描述了最后2个优点。
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该摘要很有连续性,关键词贯穿整个摘要:“method”在A、B、E句;“panning”出现在A句和D句;“type II cells”出现在A~E句;连接词用得恰到好处:“in addition”、“finally”。摘要用的是短句(平均每句22个词),所用的词是尽可能简单的词。仅使用了1个缩写词:IgG(immunoglobulin G),这是1个标准缩写,无须定义。摘要很短(110个词),但意思简洁明了。 3.4结构式摘要
Annals of Internal Medicine、Stroke等杂志要求的摘要形式,是一种特殊的结构化形式,即结构式摘要。它不是简单的一段,而是由一系列很短的段落组成,每一段由1个小标题打头。一些段落仅由几个短语组成而没有1个完整的句子(见Example 3.2的Study Objective、Design和Setting)。虽然这样的形式比单一段落的摘要形式要长,但显得条理清晰,摘要的各条信息历历在目,容易查找。国内大多数杂志都采用结构式摘要。
Example 3.2
Study Objective:To determine the association between current use of non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and fatal peptic ulcers or upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.Design:Nested case control study using a linked Medicaid-death certificate database.Setting:Tennessee Medicaid enrollees aged 60 and greater from 1976 to 1984.Patients:One hundred twenty-two patients(“the cases”)had a terminal hospitalization and a peptic ulcer or upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage confirmed by hospital chart review.Population controls(n=37)were matched to potential cases by age,seX,race,calendar year,and nursing home status.Measurements and Main Results:The 122 patients (“cases”) more frequently filled a prescription for a non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug within 30 days before onset of illness than did controls(34%VS.11%;adjusted odds ratio,4.7;95%CI,3.1 to 7.2).This association between current use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and fatal peptic ulcer disease was consistent in
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three age groups,women and men,whites and nonwhites,and community and nursing home dwellers.There was no significant association between case status and previous use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(adjusted odds ratio,1.9;95%CI,0.7 to 4.7).Conclusions:The findings of this study add to the growing evidence that nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can increase the risk for clinically serious peptic ulcer disease in the elderly. 3.5 索引词(关键词) 3.5.1 索引词的使用
多数杂志要求作者提供论著的索引词(也称关键词key words),以指导索引工作者进行编辑各种索引时选择,从而方便读者利用各种检索工具搜寻感兴趣的论著。索引词一般跟在论著摘要之后。必须注意,索引词选择是否得当,与你的论著被引用频率有密切关系,因而不要忽视索引词的选择。现在,国际互联网为文献检索提供了便利条件,准确提供索引词的重要性也日益增加。 3.5.2 选择索引词的原则
索引词应该能表示你的论著中重要的主题。应选择那些能够吸引读者注意力的词汇作索引词。
当选择索引词时,要选择当前最新的索引词。一些杂志要求作者从列在《Index Medicus》一月份发行刊中的MeSH(medical subject headings)中选择索引词。但是MeSH中的词汇总是滞后于最新研究中的词汇,所以你可能要使用一些未包括在MeSH中的词汇作为索引词。例如\"acquired immnodeficiency syndrome\"这个词从见诸于论著到出现于MeSH中,至少需要1年的时间。
选择索引词时,要尽量选择具体的词汇。例如有关红霉素的1篇论著,作为索引词的就应该是\"erythromycin”,而不是更笼统的词“antibiotics”。因为,索引工作者如有必要时从特殊性的概念(erythromycin)推理出一般性的概念(antibiotics)是很容易的,但是要从一般性的概念(antibiotics)推理出特殊性的概念(erythromycin)那就不容易了。
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注意索引词可能是短语也可能是单词。所以短语“blood coagulation disorders”可以作为1个索引词。
也要注意,有些期刊因考虑到索引工作者能够很容易从论著的标题中选出索引词,因此他们要求作者们只需提供那些未出现于题目中的索引词。作为索引词的词汇并不一定是该论著中出现的词汇。例如,在\"Regional Difference in Pleural Lymphatic Albumin Concentration in Sheep”这篇论著中,作为该论著的索引词“capillary exchange\"就不曾出现在该论著中。
4 引 言
4.1 引言的写作要点
引言在论著中有两个重要作用,一是激发读者对本论著的兴趣;二是为读者提供理解本论著所需的背景材料。论著的读者有些是该领域的专家,但更多的是其他领域的研究者。引言应当直接了当,切中要点;针对性强;还应当尽可能简短,叙述清楚,包含足够的信息。为了达到以上目的,应当遵循以下基本要求。
A.采用漏斗型结构 从叙述已知的主题开始,转向该主题未知方面或存在的疑问,再提出本论著要解决的问题作为结束。问题必须在叙述背景后提出;若有两个问题,必须要提供两个问题的背景信息。如若必要,还可写实验方案,也可写出问题的答案。
在漏斗型结构的叙述中,要点有:①要明确哪些句子是将主题引向深入,哪些不是;②要保证句子间有很强的连贯性,尤其要写好逻辑推导中的关键步骤,并用好连接词和连接短语;③要重复关键词,使整个引言围绕特定的主题展开;④要保持观点的一致性;⑤舍去不必要的细节,使得主题清晰和突出;⑥引用的文献要切题,围绕你的论著相关问题的关键性工作,参考文献数量尽可能地少。
B.清楚地提出研究的问题 用漏斗型结构引导出本论著需要解决的特定问题;若问题是在叙述未知事物时提出的,应将其加以标记,如用“To answer this question”或其他类似的句子;也可以将问题以研究目
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的的形式来表达,作为实验方案的从句,如“to determine X,we„„”;用“if so\"或类似的词组来连接相关的问题;在句首明显的位置标记问题;有时,问题中还包括自变量和因变量;将次要问题置于主要问题之后,用单独一句表达,使其处于非强调状态;用现在时表述问题。 C.必要时明确地提出实验方案 清楚地表明实验是如何回答问题的,如确定了因变量的指标,应当加以说明,并指出各种指标间的相互关系。若问题涉及动物种属,应在问题中说明。有时,需要写出研究用的材料。
D.其他 ①如果有助于读者理解论著中的观点,尤其是在长而复杂的论著中,可以在引言中先写出答案。②要用相同的关键词、动词以及相同的观点。③要清楚地表明研究工作的新颖性和重要性。④引言要写得简短。⑤要有意识地激发读者的兴趣。 4.2 需要注意的细节 4.2.1 动词时态
在引言中,用动词的现在时表述真实的内容以及未知内容;用过去时表述发现的内容,以及过去考虑过或做过的内容。引言中提出的问题总是用现在时叙述,而不能用过去时,理由是问题应当始终是真实的,而非仅为你所做实验的内容。给问题作的标记通常用过去时。
Example 4.1
A.“It is known\"和\"depress the bronchomotor response”:认为是真实的,故用现在时。
B.“has not been determined'’:在过去做的,故用现在完成时。 C.“is most sensirive'’:提出的问题始终是真实的,故现在时。 D.“did experiments”和\"stimulated this pathway'’:是过去做的实验,故用过去时。
4.4.2 “I”或“We”的使用
引言中可以用“I”或“we”来表达作者意图,尤其在标记问题和实验方案时。因此,作者在标记问题时用了“we”:Therefore,we test the hypothesis that„„;作者在实验方案中使用了“we”:To answer these questions,we assessed„„。
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有的作者不愿使用“I”或“we”,在说明自己想法时可以不用“we”,而用“our”,如Therefore,our first objective in these studies’was„„。另一个避免使用“I”或“we\"的方法,是谈论研究内容而非作者,如:The purpOse of this study was to determine„„;This report describes experiments designed to determine,然而,单纯谈论研究内容会使写作变得呆板。
4.4.3 作者姓名的使用
在引言中引用他人工作时,一般不必使用作者的姓名,在引用的他人结果或观点处注明参考文献。只有特别原因时,才在文中使用作者姓名。
4.4.4 “If”或“Whether”的使用
叙述问题时,可用“whether”,而非“if”,例如:We did experiments to determine whether beta adrenergic agents increase lung liquid clearance in anesthetized intact adult sheep。“whether”表示是或不是的选择;尽管“if”也可表示选择,但多用于“if„„then„„”的表述,例如:if the temperature is too high,the cells will not grow。 4.4.5 问题的编号
避免使用数字来给问题编号,例如对于3个问题中的每1个问题,只要将这3个问题用系列句列出,读者能够知道哪个是问题1,哪个是问题2,等等。只有当各项内容不易区分时,才用数字来给问题编号。如果在复杂的系列句中必须用数字标明句子时,要注意1篇论著的引言中不要用多于1组的数字。
5 结 果
5.1 结果的写作要点
结果部分有2个作用,一是描述材料和方法中所提及实验的结果,二是展示支持实验结果的证据(数据),以及指导读者阅读展示有关证据的图和表。
A.内容 要点有:①只报告与引言中所提问题相关的结果,既包
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括支持假设的结果,也包括不支持的;还包括对照组的结果。②结果部分包含数据,大多数的数据(特别是重要数据)以图或表的形式表达。③先陈述结果,再提交数据。④除报告数据本身外,还要给出有关变化幅度的一般概念,或用百分比表示变化。⑤如果评估一个变量的某个指标,在结果部分则应描述有关指标的结果。⑥数据必须准确,具有内在一致性。对于已作统计分析的常态分布数据,应报告均值和估计均值变化(标准差)的统计数据,并指明所采用的统计学方法、样本大小(n)和显著性检验的概率值。对于已作统计分析的非常态分布数据,应报告中位数等。
B.总体结构 可采用实验先后顺序方式;也可采用重要性先后顺序方式,后者就是把回答问题的结果放在结果部分的第一段开头,或头几段的开头部分。
C.段落内的组织结构 要点有:①按重要性主次组织资料,结果放在每段的段首,如果需要详细解释或列举数据,则放在结果后。②居次要地位的对照结果,尽量放在实验结果一起或之后,不要放在实验结果前。③居次要地位的方法的描述,可采用以下方式:将方法作为句子的主语;用从句描述方法;把结果作为主句。④图和表的引用也居次要位置,图和表的序号只需在陈述结果的句子后面以括号方式引用,最好在第一次提及与图和表相关的句子后面就引用。⑤居次要位置的数据,在图和表中未提及的简单数据,可以用加括号的方式列在有关结果句子之后;若数据已在图或表中表示,则不要在正文中重复。
D.结果和方法的关系 检查所有的结果是否在方法中提及它们的实验方法。
E.篇幅 应尽可能简洁明了,使读者既能抓住要领,也能注意到重要的细节。
F.不可忽视的细节 包括:①在结果部分,应至少提及一次动物种属和材料,且最好放在在第一句中。②如果想区别不同的人,可用A、B、C等字母或用l,2,3等阿拉伯数字标记。③结果要用过去时态。④当比较结果时,不要用“compared with”。要特别避免模棱两可的陈述,如“X was increased compared with Y”。⑤区别“could not\"和“did not”,
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及“did not”和“failed to”。⑥使用markedly等定量词时,应随即用数据量化之。⑦说明统计学意义时,用“significant”或“significantly”。⑧统计结果的表示:均值和均值的标准差(或标准误)常规的表示方法是“48.7±1.3(SD)ml”;统计学信息比较时,如果所有的数据都用同一种统计方法(如标准差)处理,并且具有同样的样本数(n)时,在第一次给出数据时指明统计方法和样本数即可,之后可以省略这些数据;如果图和表中报告了显著性的概率值,正文中就不要再提及;无论是否有显著性意义都应报告P值实际值或<、>的数值;描述样本大小时,不能都简单地记为:“n=”,不仅要指明样本数目,有时还应指明样本是什么。 5.2 内 容
5.2.1 结果部分包含的内容
结果部分中的主要信息就是实验结果。然而,并非实验和观察中所获得的每一个结果都要在此报告,要报告只是与引言中所提问题相关的结果,既包括支持假设的结果,也包括不支持的;同样,既要包括实验组的结果,也要包括对照组的。
除了文字表述结果外,结果部分还包含数据。当然大多数据,特别是重要数据,应以图或表的形式表达,使之直观而易读。
一般而言,结果部分不需要作文献证实的陈述,例如,与别人结果的比较。然而,如果只有l~2句简单的比较,又不能流畅地放在讨论部分,则也可放在结果部分。 5.2.2 结果和数据
结果和数据是两个事项。数据是获自于实验和观察的事实本身(常常是数字),可分为原始数据(如实验中所测的所有磷脂浓度)、总结过的数据(如均值和标准差)、转化过的数据(如相当于对照组的百分比)。结果则是解释数据的一般陈述(如在正常换气情况下,服用propranolol降低了磷脂浓度)。
数据很少能自明,而必须以结果来表明,读了Example 5.1中只有2个数据的句子后,读者会怎么想呢?
Example 5.1
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In the 20 control subjects,the mean resting blood pressure was 85±5(SD)mmHg.In comparison,in the 30 tennis players,the mean resting blood pressure was 94±3 mmHg.
数据是相似还是不同?要点在哪儿?结果部分的目的就是使要点清楚。做到这一点,应先陈述结果,再提交数据,如Revision 1。
Revision 1
The mean resting blood pressure was higher in the 30 tennis players than in the 20 control subjects(94±3(SD)vs.85±5 mmHg,P<0.02).
Revision 1中,要点清楚:\"was higher”。注意在此还有了1个具有统计学意义的P值,这就证明结果的差异不大可能是误差引起的。另外,在某些情况下,数据可表达于图或表,而不用正文中提及。除了直接写成“was higher than”,有时还可给出有关变化幅度 的一般概念,或用百分比表示1个变化,如Revision 2。 Revision 2
The mean resting blood presure was 10% higher in the 30 tennis players than in 20 control subjects(94±3(SD)vs.85±5 mmHg,P<0.02). 这种结果的表述方法(was 10% higher),不仅报告了数据本身(94±3 vs.85±5mmHg),还给出了有关变化幅度的1个简洁而清楚的概念。
5.2.3 指标和变量
如果你评估的是1个变量的某个指标,在结果部分则应描述有关指标的结果。例如,若你以测定气道阻力作为支气管狭窄的指标,应直接给出气道阻力的结果。 5.2.4 数据的准确性和一致性
数据必须准确,具有内在一致性。例如,若某个数值在结果部分和讨论部分均出现该数值应前后一致。 5.2.5 统计分析
对于已经作了统计分析的常态分布数据,应报告均值和估计均值变化的统计数据,如标准差和变化范围,并指明所采用的统计学方法。也应指明样本大小(n)和显著性检验的概率值,见ExampIe 5.1。对于
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已经作了统计分析的非常态分布数据,应报告中位数和四分范围,即第25百分位至第75百分位之间的范围。当报告有统计学假设检验的结果时,除了报告P值外,常常还报告95%可信限,使读者能更好地判断结果的生物学意义或临床意义。 5.3 组织结构 5.3.1 总体结构
结果部分的组织结构可采用按照实验先后顺序的方式,也可采用按照重要性先后顺序的方式。
A.实验先后顺序方式 如果在方法部分中是以先后顺序描述实验方法的,则在结果部分必须以同样的顺序表述结果,如本章末Example 9.15。这一原理可应用于段落连贯的技巧,使顺序一致。
材料和方法部分 结果部分 方法1 方法1——结果1 方法2 方法2——结果2 方法3 方法3——结果3
B.重要性顺序方式 有时实验先后顺序方式会使回答问题的重要结果出现在结果部分的后面,这使读者难以发现。在这种情况下,为了强调回答问题的结果,便可采用按重要性排列的方法,也就是把回答问题的结果放在结果部分的第一段开头,或头几段的开头部分。 5.3.2 段内的组织结构
结果部分写作的最大问题是只顾局部却忘了全局。解决方法是每一段落的内容按重要性的主次排列,把诸如对照结果、方法、图表、引文和数据放在次要的位置。
6 讨 论
6.1内容
讨论的主要作用是回答引言中提出的问题;用结果论证答案以及该答案与已有知识的一致性。讨论的内容包括:①对引言中所提问题的解答,以及对该答案的论证、解释及辩护;②解释与答案不符的结果;③
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指出创新点及与他人结果的不同之处;④解释意外的发现;⑤解释方法的局限性、实验设计上的弱点及假设的有效性;⑥说明研究重要性。 6.1.1 回答问题
针对引言中所提的问题作出回答,注意在问题与答案中尽可能采用同样的关键词、动词和视角,动词应采用现在时。例如,问题是:“Does sympathetic stimulation increase norepinephrine synthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia in vivo'',答案可以是“This study shows that sympathetic stimulation increases norepinephrine synthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia in vivo.”或“This study shows that sympathetic stimulation does not incerase norepinephrine synthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia in vivo.”如果改变关键词、动词和视角会使答案难以理解。
A. 指明答案适用的群体 答案适用范围只限于相应的群体。当答案是有关人的研究时,只适用于样本所属的群体。例如,研究早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征,答案将适用于所有患该综合征的早产儿。然而,可能并不适用于患呼吸窘迫综合征的足月儿和患其他疾病的早产儿,所以答案中必须指出“in preterm infants who have respiratory distress syndrome”。对于动物实验,根据所提出的问题,答案可能仅限于动物,也可能适用于部分或所有的人群。例如,上述问题“Does sympathetic stimulation increase norepinephrine synthesis in rat superior cervical ganglia in vivo?”是关于大鼠的,所以答案适用于大鼠。如果将动物作为某一人类疾病的模型来研究,则答案就可能适用于患该病的人群。
B. 问题和答案的对应 讨论中的答案应当与引言中的问题相对应。讨论中不要解答引言中未提到的问题。例如,l篇论著引言中仅问及第六个月胎儿肺中的特异性的激素调节蛋白是什么,讨论中却给了2个答案,1个答案是查明有3种类型激素调节蛋白,另1答案是其中2种类型激素调节蛋白来源于II型细胞和成纤维细胞;但引言中并没有提出蛋白的细胞来源问题。针对第二个答案,须在引言中增加1个问题“What are the cellular sources of the hormonally regulated proteins?”,使前后对应。如果作者认为第二个问题和答案无足轻重,可以在摘要和题目中不提;但是,如果讨论中有这个答案,则在引言中必须有针对它的提问。
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6.2 致 谢
致谢的美国英语为acknowledgment,英国英语为acknowledgement。致谢一般放在正文与参考文献之间,用来感谢为论文作出贡献或提供帮助的个人或/和单位。致谢的表示常用acknowledge和thank,acknowledge用来感谢个人或单位提供的赠品、帮助等;thank用来表不提供赠品或帮助的个人,例如:We gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr.A.Smith.或We thank Dr.A.Smith for his help. 致谢可感谢以下人或事:
A.为论文作出直接贡献,但没有列入作者名单,如:
We thank Nurit Davies and Rachel Smith for skillful technical assistance.
B.为论文构思、科学性、写作等作出建议、指导和修改等帮助,如: We thank Drs. David Merry,Xu-Ming Chen and Diane McCourt for helpful suggestions and comments on the manuscript. C.为论文完成提供技术帮助,如:
We thank Jenny Ostrom for performing Northern hybridization,and Lisa Westfield for oligonucleotide synthesis.
D.提供经费援助或试剂、抗体、动物、仪器等物质,如: This study was conducted while the investigator was in receipt of a World Health Organization(WHO)Research Training Grant.
We thank Dr. Xavier Emonds-Alt,Sanofi Company,France,for providing SR-140333.
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第二部分 英文摘要实例写作分析
实例1
Chinese Wushu: A Brand of Chinese National Culture Education
Abstract:In this article,literature review,logical analysis and relevant theories of cultural studies and economics are employed and Chinese Wushu brand is taken as the research subject to research the brand value of Chinese Wushu in Chinese national culture education from the perspective of Chinese national culture education.It is pointed out that Chinese national culture education is confronted with the reality that modern society values the brand effect while Chinese Wushu is in the terrible fix of sports brand.Though analyzing and researching the relationship between Chinese national culture education and brand, between Chinese Wushu and Chinese national culture education brand, between Olympics and Chinese Wushu, this article concludes that the unique brand effect of Chinese Wushu will add flavor to Chinese national culture education and help Wushu gain maximum development room and maintain proto-morphological development of Chinese Wushu amid the modernization wave. Key words:Chinese Wushu; Chinese national culture education; brand
中国武术:国学教育的一种品牌
摘要:采用文献资料法和逻辑分析法,采用文化学、经济学等相关理论,以中国武术品牌为研究对象,从国学教育的立场研究中国武术在国学教育中的品牌价值。指出在国学教育成为文化反哺而流行的当下,面对现代社会讲求品牌效应,而中国武术又在体育品牌下(处于)进退维谷的局面,通过对国学教育与品牌的关系、中国武术与国学教育品牌、奥林匹克与中国武术的相互关系分析研究,得出中国武术独特的品牌效应将为国学教育添加了一道靓丽的风景,也为武术的发展求得了最大的发展空间。
关键词:中国武术;国学教育;品牌
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实例2
Theoretical Research on Re-Construction of Chinese Wushu Education System Abstract: Based on expounding the problems existing in the Chinese Wushu education, it put forward the theoretical assumption of re-constructing the Chinese Wushu education system . The theoretical assumption reveals that in order to change the present condition of the Chinese Wushu education and realize the real-‘significance-possessing inheritance and development of Chinese Wushu.It‟s imperative to intensify the necessity of the Chinese Wushu education in the entire process of education and solidly establish „state consciousness‟ of Wushu education;it‟s imperative to make the Chinese Wushu education out of the Chinese classical studies return to the category of the Chinese traditional studies, and strengthen „the consciousness of the Chinese traditional studies‟ of Wushu education;it‟s imperative to recognize the basic difference of the Chinese Wushu education with the Western physical education in the grand education system and set up“subject consciousness'’of Wushu regarded as a independent subject;it‟s imperative to approve that in the Chinese Wushu,the mission of inheriting culture is more important than that of inheriting technique,firmly establish „cultural conscious‟ of Wushu as education;it‟s imperative to make clear an d definition that the extensive and profound carrier of the Chinese Wushu is „boxing-type school‟ and solidly establish „boxing –type‟ in the aspect of Wushu education selection
Key words: Chinese Wushu; education system; theoretical research
重构中国武术教育体系的理论研究
摘要:在论述中国武术教育存在问题的基础上,提出重构中国武术教育体系的理论预设。表明:改变中国武术教育的现状,实现真正意义上的中国武术继承、弘扬和发展,必须强化中国武术教育在教育整个过程中的“必须性”,牢牢树立武术教育的“国家意识”;必须使游离于国学之外的中国武术教育回归到国学范畴中,强化武术教育的“国学意识”;必须在大的教育体系中认识到它与西方体育的根本性差异,树立武术作为学科的“学科意识”;必须认可中国武术中的文化传承使命大于技术传承,牢牢树立武术作为教育的“文化意识”;必须明确中国
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武术的博大精深载体是“拳种流派”,牢牢树立武术教育选择上的“拳种意识”。 关键词 中国武术;教育体系;理论研究 实例3
Study on the Instructional Principles of China's Traditional Wushu Skills Abstract: China's traditional Wushu skills are all kinds of special exercises designed for mastery and improvement of Wushu routine training and competition techniques,aim to promote certain special human physical skills,and inspire the human potentials needed in Wushu.From the perspective of cuhural education,this paper considers that traditional skill is one of carrier of traditional culture,practice of traditional skills is a way to assimilate Chinese culture.Also instruct (of) the traditional Wushu skills is dynamic and multiplayer, and it should be carried out with the approach of “assimilation” and with the instructional principle of cultivating people as the priority and combined with emphasizing practice and comprehension.
Key words:traditional Wushu skills,instructional principles;cultural instruction
传统武术教育理念之研究
摘要:传统武术是为掌握和提高武术套路及格斗技术,提高人体某一方面的特殊技能,激发武技所需的人体潜能而编创的各种专门练习。从文化教育的视角,认为:传统是中国传统文化的载体之一;传统是一种文化熏陶;传统教育是中国传统文化传承的有力途径。指出:传统武术教育是动态而多层次的,宜采用“熏陶”的方式,坚持树人为本、重在体悟的教育理念。 关键词:传统武术; ;教育理念;文化教育 实例4
Discussing on the Hierarchy of Wushu Essence
Abstract:Based on demonstration of the two assumptions of Wushu essence,the present paper defines attack and defense as ”showing or using fighting techniques”, the author considers that Wushu essence have general essence and particular essence.the general essence includes fitness and nationality culture while attack and defense differs
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from other Chinese traditional games.The essence of Wushu appears difference under different conditions; therefore, conclude that the essence of Wushu should be analysis it as a whole.The author also analyzes the wrong ideas that people understands during the past half century.
Key Words:Wushu:attack and defense:essence:hierarchy
论武术本质的层次性
摘要:在提出“技击不是武术惟一的本质,武术的本质具有层次性”两个研究假设的基础上,首先将技击的内涵界定为:“表现或使用攻防格斗方法”,在确定武术概念外沿的前提下,论证了假设、 研究认为:武术的本质具有一般本质和特殊本质两个层次,健身本质和民族史化本质是其一般本质,而技击本质是武术区别于其他中华民族传统体育项目的特殊本质;在不同条件下,武术不同层面上的本质体现程度不同,对武术本质的认识,应从整体上进行分析 进而还分析了半个世纪以来,人们对武术本质认识上的误区。 关键词:武术;技击;本质;层次性 实例5
Discussion on the view of scientific development in athletics martial arts Abstract:Starting of from erecting the view of scientific development.Systems this paper analyzes the mutual supplement relationship of athletics martial arts and traditional martial arts in the development tendency of Chinese martial arts.The author analyzes the current situation of athletics martial arts, conflicts between athletics martial arts and traditional martial arts and the bad conditions of the traditional martial arts.This paper points out that only by erecting the view of entire,harmony and maintainable development,act from the view of integrating,implement both international and domestics competition system,and develop simultaneously the athletics martial arts and traditional martial arts,it can engender the mutual model of one another complement,infiltration,interaction.and can help for maintainable development of the martial arts athletics as wel1.
Key words:Wushu development;view of science development;athletics Wushu;
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traditional Wushu
论竞技武术的科学发展观
摘要:从树立科学的发展观出发,系统分析了当今中国武术发展趋势中竞技武术与传统武术相辅相成的对立统一关系。分析了竞技武术的现状及其与传统武术的冲突以及传统武术的弱势状态。指出只有树立全面、协调、可持续发展观,从整体性出发,实行国际与国内双轨的竞赛,并在国内将竞技武术与传统武术并轨发展,才能使竞技武术与传统武术形成相互补充、相互渗透、相互影响的互动模式,才能有利于武术运动整体的可持续发展。 关键词:科学发展观;竞技武术;传统武术 实例6
Discuss on Competitiveness of Traditional Wushu
Abstract:Competitiveness is one kind of traditional Wushu attributes.The traditional Wushu has reached stages of development and prosperity after the experience of sprout and depression,initiation and exploration,but the problems brought by competitiveness cannot be ignored in aspects of the constrains of western pattern,variation of technical style,shrinkage in the field of keeping fit.Along with the standard of sports technique system and modern transition of sports way,the traditional characteristic style becomes more outstanding.It points out that multi-pattern is the tendency of traditional Wushu competitiveness.
Key words:traditional Wushu;competitiveness;modernization
论传统武术竞技化
摘要:竞技性是传统武术的属性之一。传统武术竞技化在经历萌芽与低沉、启蒙与探索之后,达到了发展与高涨的阶段,但竞技化所带来的西化模式束缚、技术风格变异、健身领域萎缩等问题不容忽视。技术体系的规范与运动方式的现代化转型,将使传统的风格日益鲜明,展望未来,多元模式是传统武术竞技化发展的趋势。
关键词:传统武术;竞技化;现代化
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实例7
Classification of traditional Wushu genres and promotion countermeasures
Abstract:With adoption of literature study and expert interview,this paper studied the classification of the traditional Wushu and its promotion countermeasures.The traditional Wushu can be classified into ones that combine pliability with toughness,or ones that combine long boxing with short boxing.In order to promote the Chinese Wushu,the Wushu boxing can be classified according to the principle that the influencial gengres are better to be separated and the small genres are to be combined. Key words:traditional Wush;genre;boxing kind;promotion countermeasure
传统武术流派的分类与推展策略
摘 要:采用文献分析法、专家访问、专家座谈等方法,探讨了传统武术流派的分类与推展策略。在“刚柔”方面,传统武术流派可分为“刚中寓柔、柔中寓刚、刚柔并蓄”;在“长短”方面,可分为“长中寓短、短中寓长、长短并蓄”。建议以“刚柔长短”的分类原则及“大派宜分,小派宜合”的精神,来整合拳种,并以拳种为基本单元向国际上推展。 关键词:传统武术;流派;拳种;推展策略 实例8
Asthetics characteristic of Wushu clothing and its inheritance and development Abstract: The beauty of Wushu is discussed from the style of technique commonly,the“beauty of loose”,“beauty of sobriety”,“beauty of hanging”and“beauty of elegancy”have more particular traditional asthetics characteristic actually.Meanwhile,Wushu clothing has already covered all kinds of component and element of Chinese traditional culture and become one of the extremely important components of Wushu culture , must pay attention to the blending of the traditional idea and the time spirit in its inheritance and development.
Key words: Wushu clothing;asthetics;inheritance;development
武术服饰的美学特征及其传承与发展
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摘要:通常谈论武术之美主要是从技术风格方面来探讨的,其实武术服饰的“肥硕宽大之美”、“庄重威严之美”、“悬垂之美”和“飘逸之美”更具有独特的传统美学特征。同时,武术服饰几乎包含了中国传统文化的各种成分和要素,已经成为武术文化的几个极其重要的组成部分之一,在传承和发展过程中,必须注意传统理念与时代精神的融合。 关键词:武术服饰;美学;传承;发展 实例9
The Location and Comment on the Beauty of Traditional Wushu
Abstract:Wushu,which is a component of our traditional culture,can not only spread the culture but also enrich one‟s emotion and cultivate one‟s aesthetic personality.Compared with the fast paced status quo,the traditional Wushu plays a very important part in building a harmonious society,lessening one‟s mental pressure and cultivating one‟s aesthetic personality and constitutes a good supplement for the modern life.At present,there is still not any theoretical system for the location and judgment on the beauty of traditional Wushu.Based on literature review and the author‟s understanding of the traditional culture,this essay tends to reanalyze the beauty of traditional Wushu from the point of view of aesthetics, aiming at providing references for bringing the beauty of Wushu to light.
Key words:Conventional aesthetics;Traditional Wushu;Beauty;Location;Comment
对传统武术美的定位与品评
摘要:武术作为传统文化的有机组成部分,它不仅具有传承文化的作用,更具有陶冶人的情操,培养人类审美情趣之功能。在科技的发展和竞争激烈的现代社会,传统武术的美越来越被人们所重视。与现代快节奏的生活现状相比,传统武术对于创造和谐社会、缓解人们心理压力,以及在培养人审美情趣等方面的作用越显重要,形成对现代生活完美的补充,可是,对于传统武术美的定位和评价,目前尚未有一个系统的理论。本文通过文献资料,结合自己对于传统文化的理解,从传统美学的视角对传统武术美进行再认识,旨在为揭示传统武术美提供一点借鉴。 关键词:传统美学;传统武术;美;定位;品评
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实例10
On the civil culture and martial culture in China
Abstract:A truly healthy and harmonious cultural ensemble should contain civil culture and martial culture. Civil culture is to moralize people in a civil way, usually to cultivate and refine people by utilizing aesthetically beautiful and morally excellent things such as social courtesy and protoco1. Martial culture is to build the manly physical temperament of a human being. There is no good or bad difference between civil culture and martial culture, and what is common between them is to “moralize people” and“civilize people\" , to educate people in a way as complete and comprehensive as possible, and to promote the overall uplift of various psychological capabilities of a human being in an interpenetrative way.
Key Words: martial art;civil culture;martial culture;moralization;civilization
中国文化与武化论弈
摘 要:一个真正健康的和谐文化总体应该包含文化与武化。文化乃以文教化,通常借用礼乐等美、善的事物去涵养人、陶冶人。武化则在于成就人阳刚之身躯气质。文化与武化实无优劣之分,其共通之处都在于“化人”与“人化”,对人进行尽可能完善而全面的教育,促使人的心灵各能力获得相互渗透的整体提升。 关键词:武术; 文化; 武化; 教化; 人化 实例11
Strategies for the communication of Chinese Wushu from
the perspective of transculture
Abstract:In the evolution of the tide of globalization,transcultural communication is ever increasingly frequent.Chinese Wushu,as a form of sports practice and unique cultural phenomenon of human intelligence,must widely participate in worldwide transcultural communication in a positive attitude.Globalization is a challenge,also an opportunity, for transcultural communication of Chinese Wushu.To success in global transcultural communication in current communication.Chinese Wushu must find the connecting point of “internationalization” and“localization”of Chinese
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Wushu,implement cultural reconstruction of Chinese Wushu,base the objective for cultural needs for internal communication on “developing the same but keep the difference”,and create a new situation for transcultural communication of Chinese Wushu.
Key words:Chinese Wushu;transcultural communication;globalization
跨文化视野下中国武术的传播策略
摘 要:在全球化浪潮的演进中,跨文化传播日益频繁。中国武术作为人类智慧的体育实践形式和独特文化现象,必须以积极的姿态,广泛参与世界范围内的跨文化传播。全球化对中国武术的跨文化传播既是一种挑战,也是一种机遇。中国武术要在当前传播中取得跨文化全球传播的成功,必须找到中国武术“国际化”与“本土化”的契合点,实行中国武术的文化重构,以“和而不同”为目标作国际传播的文化诉求,开创中国武术跨文化传播的新局面。 关键词:中国武术;跨文化传播;全球化 实例12
Harmonious development of traditional Wushu and athletic Wushu
in the 21st century
Abstract: The traditional Wushu is the root of Chinese Wushu and it also serves as the media of the Chinese traditional culture.The so-called modern athletic Wushu is a system developed under the guidance of western athletic thoughts.Nowadays,under the current situation of the western-style athletic Wushu and the traditional eastern-style Wushu, they have developed and merged more and more closely and harmoniously.It becomes a must for us to pay special attention to develop these two styles of Wushu harmoniously and synchronisely.(synchronously)
Key words:traditional Wushu; athletic Wushu; martial art; harmonious development
21世纪传统武术与现代竞技武术的和谐发展原则
摘要:传统武术是中国武术的根,是民族传统文化的载体…;现代竞技武术是在传统武术基础上,在西方体育思想的指导下,统一规范而发展起来的竞技化的武
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术体系。在世界体育呈现出东西方融合发展的今天,如何立足于现状,科学合理地发展传统武术和现代竞技武术,使它们比翼双飞,和谐发展,已成为当务之急。 关键词:传统武术;现代竞技武术;技击;和谐发展 实例13
Obstructions that affect the transcultural communication of Wushu
Abstract:Transculture refers to a culture that crosses different countries and nations.Since Chinese Wushu has acquired new ideological sources from its transcultural communication with different cultures and nations in the process of its development,Wushu is not only uninterrupted, but also constantly updated, enriched and developed.With the change of the internal and external environments for Wushu to communicate with“others”, such five obstructions to transcultural communication as egocentrism in Wushu development,inferiority complex in Wushu deve1opment,special presentation forms of Wushu content structure,pursuit of Wushu for“moralism”,and“misinterpretation”of Wushu,have occurred in the process of transcultural communication.An in-depth analysis of the five obstructions to the transcultural communication of Wushu is important for Wushu to truly go global. Only by truly understanding Wushu itself and environments to be crossed can Wushu professionals make contributions to the transcultural communication of Wushu. Key words:traditional national sports; communication of Wushu; transculture
影响武术跨文化传播的障碍
摘 要:跨文化是指跨越不同国家、不同民族界限的文化。中国武术在其发展过程中与不同文化、民族实现着跨文化交流,获得了新的思想资源,因而武术非但没有中断,还不断得到更新、丰富和发展。随着武术与“他者”交流内外部环境的改变,在跨文化传播过程中出现了武术发展的自我中心主义、武术发展的自卑情结、武术内容结构的特殊表现形式、武术对“道”的追求,以及对武术的“误读”五方面跨文化传播的障碍,对这五方面障碍的深入分析,对于武术真正走向世界具有重要意义,切实理解武术自身和所需跨越的环境才能为武术的跨文化传播做出贡献。
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关键词:民族传统体育;武术传播;跨文化 实例14
Introspection of Cultural Identification and Its Strategyof Chinese
Wushu During the Globalization Period
Abstract:With the method of documentary,the author made a introspection to few concepts such as nationality country,the nationalism and the Chinese wushu from cultural globalization environment.In the process of pursuing the cultural identification,Chinese Wushu Can‟t separate from other culture completely.We can‟t make our standards which override on other value standards unconditionally for the sake of the identification,and pursuing the originally true.We should promote a kind of mobility culture identification concepts.The strategy of the Chinese Wushu cultural identification should be:The Chinese Wushu needs our own voice, and needs to have a set of words system of us. Thus we can communicate with the excellent culture of all the races in the world,reply the cultural globalization actively;and replying not nostalgia.Only then we can make the Wushu get all person in the world identification well,and represent the most strong sound of the Chinese culture.
Keywords:Chinese culture;aphasia;globalization;Wushu;the cultural identification
全球化时代中国武术文化认同及其策略反思
摘要:运用文献资料法,在文化全球化这样一个大的背景下,对民族国家、民族主义与中国武术几个概念作了反思性的解读。结论认为:中国武术在寻求文化认同的过程中,并不能完全离开一个“他者”文化。不能为了认同自己、寻求“本真性”,而把自己民族性标准无条件地凌驾于其他价值标准之上,应当提倡一种流动性的文化认同概念。中国武术文化认同的策略应是:需要发出自己的声音,需要有自己的一套话语系统,从而能与一切优秀的民族文化进行对话,积极应对文化全球化,而不是怀旧。只有这样才能使武术更好地得到世界的认同,并代表中国民族文化奏响民族体育文化的最强音。 关键词:中国文化;失语;全球化;武术;文化认同
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实例15
Gaming of Physical Culture:Cultural Retrospection about
the Event of W ushu Entering Olympic
Abstract:From the visual angle of physical culture,this article investigates the interactive phenomenon between eastern and western physical cultures,which is concealed in the event of Wushu entering Olympics.From this article,Wushu as one national traditional sports event,is a kind of demonstration of eastern physical culture.The event of W ushu entering Olympics is an active procedure to interact our physical culture on western physical culture,which pushes international propagation and development of Wushu at the cost of abandoning its cultural conception and tradition.Moreover it deepens the gaming degree of this kind of physical culture.In the background of economical and cultural globalization。the failure of Wushu entering Olympics ultimately shows the contest of the flexible power of different physical cultures after a series of technical and cultural interactions,even more,it becomes a kind of adelomorphic infringement of physical culture. Key words:physical culture,gaming,Wushu,culture
身体文化博弈:由武术进奥引发的文化反思
摘要:从身体文化视角,对武术进奥事件背后隐藏的中西身体文化互动现象进行了探讨,认为:武术作为一项民族传统体育项目是东方身体文化的一种形式;武术进奥是我国与西方体育文化的主动互动过程,尽管事件本身推动了武术在国际上的传播和发展,但是却以逐渐的文化内涵割舍和传统摒弃为发展代价。武术进奥加速了中西方身体文化的互动过程,更加深了这种身体文化的博弈程度;在经济全球化甚至文化全球化的宏观背景下,武术进奥失败由技术层面到文化层面的互动,最终表现为不同身体文化的软权利之争,更是一种身体文化的权利侵犯。
关键词:身体文化;博弈;武术;文化 实例16
The Deviation and Amalgamation Between Chinese Wushu and Traditional Culture
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Abstract:Modernity in Chinese Wushu has been a topic at issue.It is worth further research and reflection in the contemporary development of Chinese Wushu.Through literature review and from the perspective of “tradition” and “modernity” , this thesis is to analyze the historical and cultural factors which lead to the deviation between modernity and tradition in Chinese Wushu, and to explain how to integrate modernity and tradition in Chinese Wushu.
Key words:Chinese Wushu; modernity; tradition; deviation; amalgamation
现代武术与传统文化的崩离与融合
摘要:中国武术的现代性问题一直是人们争论和关注的武术发展问题,更是中国武术在当代遭遇发展瓶颈亟待深入思考和反省的问题。运用文献资料研究方法,从“传统”与“现代”的文化悖论着眼,分析了中国武术在现代社会中现代性与传统崩离的客观现实及历史、文化成因,并进一步论述了应如何将中国武术现代性与传统融合,从而走出发展的瓶颈。 关键词:中国武术;现代性;传统;崩离;融合 实例17
A Probe into the Model of Wushu Taolu Show for Business Purpose
Abstract:Through the methods of question and analytics,this article founded the model of Wushu show for business purpose. As to the content of Wushu show,we should consider the character of modem audience fully and order the content with open mind in order to combine the Wushu technology with stage art.It is also very important to run the Wushu show for business purpose fully and flexibly,and it will cover the ticket,supporting,naming,costume,equipment and so on.A modem Wushu show model for business purpose will be founded. Key words:Wushu show; business value; model
武术套路表演商业价值开发模式的研究
摘要:通过调查、分析,构建了武术套路表演商业价值开发的基本模式:从演出内容上.充分考虑当前社会观众的审美情趣,用开放的态度组织武术演出内容,
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实现武术技术与舞台艺术的完美结合;在演出的运作上,从门票、赞助、冠名、服装器械等多方面进行多元化、全方位的运作,从而构建现代化的武术套路表演模式。
关键词:武术表演;商业价值;开发模式 实例18
Investigation and analysis on sport injuries of foreign students
in Capital Institute of P.E.
Abstract:With deep historical, cultural and phylosophical significance, Wushu, the outstanding cultural inheritance of Chinese people, is attracting more and more people from all corners of the world.In recent years, foreign students made rapid progress in skills, but they were injured frequently.With such methods as investigation interview, statistical analysis,document information,this paper analyzed the sport injuries of thirty-five foreign students who studied Wushu in Capital Institute of P.E., aiming to offer reference for the coming training.This essay investigated and analysed the causes of injury of foreign students of Wushu majors, i.e. thought,lack of warm up exercises, wrong skills and poor quality.
Key words:Wushu;foreign students;sports injury
关于首都体育学院武术留学生运动损伤成因的调查与分析
摘要:武术作为中华民族的优秀文化遗产,以它的博大精深吸引着越来越多世界各地的人们投身其中。近年来,外国留学生的武术运动技术水平提高很快,但同时也频频伴有损伤的发生,如何做好预防工作是我们应该高度重视的问题。采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理分析法等方法,以首都体育学院的35名武术留学生为研究对象,通过对其运动损伤状况展开调查研究,分析造成损伤的主要原因有:技术动作不规范、专项素质没跟上、准备活动不充分、逞强好胜急于求成等,并在此基础上提出了预防措施:端正学习态度、做好准备活动、注重身体素质、规范技术动作、加强自我保护等,为今后留学生的武术教学和训练提供参考依据
关键词:武术;外国留学生;运动损伤
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实例19
Textual Research on “Thirteen Stick Buddhist Monks Support
the Tang Dynasty” of Shaolin Monastery
Abstract: “Thirteen Buddhist monks support the Tang Dynasty” is a real event in the history with neither martial art nor stick Buddhist monks even stick art in it,and supplies the best prototype and source material to “Thirteen stick Buddhist monks help Tang emperor”, an exaggerated literary story or folk-tale. “Thirteen stick Buddhist monks support the Tang Dynasty”is indeed a martial event which initiates the tradition of Shaolin Monastery involvement into political and military affairs,and has become the origination of Shaolin Wushu and Shaolin martial monks as tracing back in history.
Key words:Shaolin Monastery ; martial art; thirteen Buddhist monks; support the Tang Dynasty
少林寺“十三棍僧救唐王\"详考
摘要:“十三僧助唐”是历史真实,但其中既无“武术”,也无“武僧”与“棍法”。“十三棍僧救唐王”是一个夸大了的文学故事和民间传说。前者为后者的出现,提供了可供发挥的最好的蓝本和素材。但“十三僧助唐”毕竟是“武事”,因此也不能说它和后来的少林武术、少林武僧毫无关系。它为少林寺参予政治与军事开创了传统,并成为少林武术、武僧追述历史的必然方向。 关键词:少林寺;武术;十三僧;助唐 实例20
Influences of three different exercise manners on physiological and biochemical indexes in Wushu free-sparrers athletes
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effects of three different exercise manners on physiological and biochemical index of Wushu free-sparrers athletes.METHODS: The observation was performed in the first stage of entering winter training (about from November to December 2004).Totally 18 male Wushu free-spatters athletes were enrolled from
College of Physical Education, Guangxi Normal University and the athletes all agreed to take part in the tria1. With computer mathematical statistics program, they were randomly divided into cycle ergometer group,up slope treadmill group and down slop treadmill group with 6 persons in each group according to three different exercise manners.① cycle ergometer (alternation of concentric exercise and eccentric exercise):From 30 W loading,increased once every 3 minutes,with the speed of treading of 60 r/min,till exhausted.② up slope treadmill group(concentric exercise):Appling motive treadmill,with, the gradient of 0%and beginning speed of 4 km/h, increased by 1 km/h every 2 minutes,when at 9 km/h maintaining a certain speed,till exhausted.③down slope treadmill group(eccentric exercise):using motive treadmill,with the beginning gradient of 4% and speed of 4 km/h, increased by 1% and 1 km/h every 2 minutes, when reached 9 km/h, increased by 1% every 2 minutes until exhausted.Blood samples were collected immediately at exercise, and the following indexes were measured:① serum hormone: blood testosterone and cortisol(radio immunoassay),②serum creatine kinase,lactic dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen(examined by test kit from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute),( whole blood lactic acid,serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide sidmutase(SOD) examined by test kit from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute).RESULTS:Totally 18 male Wushu free-sparrers athletes were involved in the result analysis,no drop—out.①comparison of serum enzyme activity in each group: The activities of serum creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase were significantly higher in the down slop treadmill group than in the cycle ergometer group and up slope treadmill group. ② comparison of SOD activity and MAD concentration in serum in each group: It was significantly higher in the up slope treadmill group than in the cycle ergometer group an d down slop treadmill group. CONCLUSION:The activity of serum creatine kinase in the exercise focused on eccentric contraction is more obvious,whereas the antioxidant ability in the exercise focused on concentric contraction has a higher intensity.
三种运动方式对武术散手运动员生理生化指标的影响
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摘 要
目的:观察3种不同运动方式对武术散手运动员生理生化指标的影响。方法:观察于进入冬训期的第一阶段(约2004—11/12)完成,选择18名广西师范大学体育学院的男性武术散手运动员作为观察对象,实验前均征得运动员同意。采用计算机的数理统计程序将18名受试者随机分组,按3种不同运动方式分为功率自行车组、上坡跑台组和下坡跑台组,每组6名。① 功率自行车(向心和离心运动交替):从3OW负荷开始,每3min增加1次3OW的负荷,控制蹬圈速度60 r/min,直到力竭为止。② 上坡跑台组(向心运动):使用活动跑台,斜度为0%, 开始速度为4 km/h,每2 min增加1 km/h,当速度达到9 km/h时,维持一定速度,直到力竭为止。⑧ 下坡跑台组(离心运动):使用活动跑台,开始斜度为4%、速度为4 km/h,每2 min增加斜度1% 、速度1 km/h,当速度达到9 km/h时,每2 min增加1%的斜度直到运动力竭。于运动后即刻采集血样,测定以下指标:① 血清激素:血睾酮和皮质醇(放射免疫分析法)。( 血清肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶及血尿素氮(南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒测定)。⑨ 全血乳酸、血清丙二醛及超氧化物歧化酶(南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒测定)。结果:18名男性武术散手运动员全部进入结果分析,无脱落。① 各组运动员的血清酶活性比较:下坡跑台组运动员的血清肌酸激酶及乳酸脱氢酶活性均显著高于功率自行车组和上坡跑台组。② 各组运动员的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛浓度比较:上坡跑台组显著高于功率自行车组和下坡跑台组.结论:以离心收缩为主的运动状态下运动员的血清肌酸激酶活性变化较为明显,而以向心收缩为主的运动状态下运动员机体的抗氧化能力较强。
主题词:体育运动;肌酸激酶;超氧化物歧化酶 实例21
The Supervision and Recovery of theWushu Sanda Exercise Exhaustion
Abstract: Based on analyzing the reasons of causing exercise exhaust ion in Wushu Sanda, points out that athletes and coaches should supervise the exercise exhaust ion effectively by the levels of subjective sense and objective criteria of physical and biochemistry, and puts for wards an effective recovery according to different symptom s, to offer some reference for better Wushu Sanda‟s training, its wide spread, its
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improvement and health development.
Key words: Wushu Sanda; exercise; exercise exhaust ion; methods of supervision; methods of recovery
武术散打运动性疲劳的监控与恢复
摘要: 在分析武术散打运动性疲劳成因的基础上, 认为练习者和教练员可通过自我主观感觉和客观的生理生化等指标对运动性疲劳进行有效监控, 并针对不同疲劳特征实施有效的恢复, 为提高武术散打运动训练水平, 促进其普及、提高和健康发展提供参考.
关键词: 武术散打; 运动训练; 运动性疲劳; 监控手段; 恢复方法 实例22
Traditional martial arts versus modern self-defense training
for women: Some comments
Abstract:Most research conducted on women's self-protection strategies has focused on modern self-defense training, as opposed to traditional martial arts instruction. Future, traditional martial arts training has been characterized by many as less useful for women than modern self-defense instruction. However, no investigations have compared the effectiveness of these two approaches. Several misconceptions concerning traditional martial arts may explain why this form of self-protection has not been utilized as often, or evaluated as frequently, as other methods. This paper: (1) distinguishes traditional martial arts from modern self-defense training, (2) reviews research that has assessed behavioral outcomes of self-defense training strategies, and (3) discusses factors that influence perceptions and efficacy of such programs. To assist in these efforts, we include the expertise and perspectives of an internationally-recognized grandmaster in the Okinawan martial art of Shorin Ryu Karate. Suggestions for directions that future research in this area might take are offered.
Key words:traditional martial arts; modern self-defense training; woman
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实例23
Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training
Abstract: The impact of school-based Tae Kwon Do training on self-regulatory abilities was examined. A self-regulation framework including three domains (cognitive, affective, and physical) was presented. Children (N = 207) from kindergarten through Grade 5 were randomly assigned by homeroom class to either the intervention (martial arts) group or a comparison (traditional physical education) group. Outcomes were assessed using multidimensional and multimodal assessments. After a 3-month intervention, results indicated that the martial arts group demonstrated greater improvements than the comparison group in areas of cognitive self-regulation, affective self-regulation, prosocial behavior, classroom conduct, and performance on a mental math test. A significant Group ×Gender interaction was found for cognitive self-regulation and classroom conduct, with boys showing greater improvements than girls. Possible explanations of this interaction as well as implications for components of martial arts training for the development of self-regulation in school-age children are discussed.
Keywords: Self-regulation; Martial arts; Self-discipline; Prosocial behavior; Classroom conduct; Gender differences; Character development; Attention
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第三部分 英文写作词汇讲读
第一节 科技论文基础词汇
nouns: 名词
manuscript 手稿,原稿 draft 草稿
proof 校样,检验, 校对, hard mail 手写信件
corresponding author 通讯作者 production editor 责任编辑 revision 修订版 revised 修订
case-sensitive 区分大小写 parenthesis 圆括号 semicolon 分号 asterisk 星号
restoration n.恢复, 归还,,重建 discipline 纪律, 学科 consultation 咨询,会诊
paradigm 范例,范式。“范例”较好 avenue 林阴道, 大街; 途径, 手段 rubric 红字, 红色印刷, 题目 theme 主题, 主旨, 题目
hallmark (金银制品上的)纯度印记,
特点, 特征, 标志
hypothesis 假说 homo sapiens 人类 trial 试验,锻炼
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substrate 基础,本源,培养基,底物 rationale 基本原理 induction 诱导 completion 完成 depletion 耗竭 degradation 降解 interpretation 解释 elucidation 阐明,解释
commentary 注释, 解说词,评论 perspective透视画法, 透视图, 远景,
前途, 观点, 看法
assessment 估价,分析 dissociation变异,分离 propagate 繁殖, 传播, 宣传 infer 推论,推断
paradox 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾
的话,反论
serendipity 有意外发现珍宝的运气 precision 精密度 drawbacks 障碍
insults; injury; trauma 损伤 intervention 干涉
endeavor, effort, exertion 努力 corollary 必然的结果, 系, 推论 expenditure 支出, 花费
advent 出现, 到来 convergence 趋同,会聚 cessation 暂停,中止 disrupt 使中断, 破坏 commonplace 老生常谈 contraindication 禁忌症
adverse effects;side effects 副作用 sequelae后遗症, 结局;
safety and efficacy 安全性和有效性 eraser 擦除器, 橡皮
crayon有色粉笔, 蜡笔, 粉笔画 donation repositories 赠送库 energy expenditure 能源开支 threshold阈值, 临界, 界限 sexuality性别,性征,性欲 hypersexuality性欲亢进
impulsivity 冲动性(用量表测评) impulsive adj.冲动的 underlife 私(人)生活 underlinen 内衣, 衬衣
underlie 位于...之下, 成为...的基础 underlying adj.在下面的, 根本的character用法: be characterized by anatomical characteristics characteristics of characterization of dose用法: low doses of the higher dose
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critical 用法介绍:
a critical reading 有判断力的阅读 a critical point in the campaign 在活动中最重要的一点
verb : 动词 accelerate 加快 augmentation 增加 motivate 激发
build up 增强(健康体质) facilitate learning 增强学习能力 Innervate 促进 facilitate 促进
subserve 帮助,补助,促进 inhibit 抑制 underscore 强调
mitigate;reduce;attenuate;counteract 减缓
mitigation, mitigate 减轻
alleviate 使(痛苦等)易于忍受, 减轻 attenuate 使变细;减弱, 贬值 alleviation; remission 缓解 constraint;attenuat ,消弱 counteract 抵消, 中和, 阻碍;对抗 impair 削弱 alleviated 缓解
arrest阻止,制动,制动器,逮捕 modulates;mediate 调解
mediate,modulate,regulate,interferes 调节,,干涉;
unravel 解开
neurosurgical interventions 神经外科手术干预
modify;alter 改变
modify 修改,更正,修饰; overcome 克服 evoke 产生, 引起, 唤起 entrain 产生, 导致, 乘火车 entails risk 承担风险 prompt 提示,迅速的及时的 elucidate 阐明, 说明 assume 设想
demonstrate 示范, 证明, 论证 prove;document 证明 display 显示,表明
confound 使混淆, 把...搞混, 挫败 converge 聚合, 集中于一点 deteriorate 恶化 be exacerbated 恶化 aggravate 使恶化, 加重 expand on 详述
outline vt.略述,描画轮廓;n.大纲, 轮廓, 略图, 外形, 要点, 概要 assess 估定, 评定
access vt. 存取;n 通道,方法 evaluate 估定, 评定 encroach 超出正常界线
obscuring (or “jamming”) vt.使暗, 使不明显;暗的, 朦胧的, 晦涩的; restore 恢复,使回复,交还,修复,重建
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动词和具有动词意义的名词: increase, raises 增加 augment 增加,增大 elevation 上升,升高 decrease, diminish 减少 exert 发挥, 竭尽全力, 尽 triggered off 引起 disrupt 使中断, 破坏
impairment 损害, 损伤,机能障碍,削弱 counteract 抵消, 中和, 阻碍 suppress,inhibit 抑制 potentiated 加强
induce, elicit 引起,诱发
pose 形成, 引起, 造成。例如:pose possible health risks resulted in 导致
assisted in 在….给以资助 attenuation 减毒作用,减弱 attenuated 减轻的 attenuate 削弱,稀释
alleviate 使(痛苦等)易于忍受, 减轻 infusion,injection 注入,灌输,注射 changes of ,alterations of 变化 aberration 失常,变形 depressant 抑制的,抑制剂 depressed 抑郁的 efficacy 功效
stimulation 刺激,兴奋 bottleneck 瓶颈
adjective & adverb: 形容词或动词 stochastic 随机的 preferred首选的 a variety of 多种的
conventional惯例的(conventionally) routine常规的(routinely) ongoing 正在进行的 transient,tempora短暂的 appropriate 适当的 timely 及时的, 适时的
controversial adj.争论的, 争议的 controversy n.论争, 辩论, 论战; controvert vt.议论, 辩论;参加辩论 refractory难控制的, 难熔的
intractable难处理的, 难治的(疾病) resistant 抗的, 有抵抗力的(疾病) sedentary adj.久坐的, 坐惯的, 土生的,不移栖的,沉积的 n.惯于久坐人 sedentary lifestyle 惯于久坐的生活方式;静坐式生活方式
tonic 激励的, 滋补的,主调的,紧张的 modest 谦虚的, 谦让的, 适度的 humoral 体液
neurohumoral 神经体液
aberrant 异常的
phrase & idiom:短语(惯用词组): from this day onwards 从今天起 from middle age onwards 从中年开始 There is growing evidence that …. 越来越多的研究证实…… take into account 重视, 考虑 It is increasingly clear that 越来越清楚的是
concomitantly with;accompanied by 伴随
facilitates learning 促进学习 executive regions 执行(功能)区 elaborate distribution 精确分布 convincing evidence 令人信服的证据 mechanistic similarities
a robust literature documents 强大的文学文件
ultima ratio.最后的争论, 最后的手段 an effective therapeutic avenue for 一个有效的治疗途径
prospective study 远景调查,前瞻性调查
case report 个案报告 long-term follow-up 长期随访 empirical evidence 实验证据 net effect有效效应, 实际结果 synergistic effect 协同效应
delivery of, administration of, exposure to 给予、施加
the overriding goal of this analysis was
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predominately 成为主流地,占优势地 ultimately adv.最后, 终于, 根本, 基本上
seldom adv.很少, 不常
to investigate ……最重要的目的 语言表达:
influence of …… on …… effect of …… on …… involvement of …… role of ……
modulation of …….. by …… involvement of …… differences in …… differential effects of …… differentially affect …… variations of ……
with respect to 关于, 至于 regarding 关于
pertain to 属于, 关于, 附属, 适合, with regard to 关于 correlates of 与……关联 the role of……in amelioration of… 在改善……中的作用
exerting an antipsychotic action 发挥…..作用
the effect of … on …might be exerted through…作用通过….发挥。 via the action of
other than 不同于, 除了 in particular 特别 exceedingly rare 极低 rather than 胜于 in particular特别,特别是 early on 在早期
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overstep the bounds of 越出...的范围,
第二节 运动科学专业词汇
(1) 体育类型
工间操 physical exercise during breaks 保持健康 to keep fit 球类运动 ball games
田径运动 athletics; track and field 水上运动 aquatic sports 冰上运动 ice sports 室内运动 indoor sports 夏季运动 summer sports 冬季运动 winter sports
现代五项运动 modern pentathlon 训练 training
虚心学习 to learn with an open mind 共同训练 joint practice 运动量 amount of exercise
准备活动 warming-up exercises; to limber up
示范 demonstration
(2) 体育工作者、运动员、体育队 体育工作者 physical culture worker; sports organizer 体育队 team
运动员 athlete; sportsman 运动健将 master of sports
一(二)级运动员 first (second) grade sportsman
参加比赛的运动员contestant; competitor
左手运动员 left-hander veteran 非职业运动员 amateur 种子选手 seeded player 著名运动员 world-famous athlete 后起之秀 up-and-coming athlete 新手 beginner 预备队员 reserve 替补队员 substitute 领队 team leader 队长 captain
场上队长 playing captain
不参加比赛的队长 non-playing captain 教练员 trainer; coach 成人 adult
少年 junior; juvenile 主队 home team 客队 visiting team 种子队 seeded team 国家队 national team
省(市)代表队 provincial (municipal) team
对手 opponent
裁判员 referee; umpire; judge 裁判长 referee; chief referee 司线员;边线裁判员 lines-man 记分员 scorekeeper; scorer 报告员 announcer 发令员 starter
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计时员 timekeeper (3) 运动会、比赛
运动会 sports meet; athletic meeting; games
全国运动会 National Games 亚洲运动会 Asian Games 奥林匹克运动会 Olympic Games 世界大学生运动会 World University Games;Universiade
组织委员会 organizing committee 竞赛委员会 competition 技术委员会 technical committee 接待委员会 reception committee 裁判委员会 jury
仲裁委员会 appcal committee; jury 比赛地点 venue 比赛规则 rules; code 比赛条例 regulations 秩序册 programme 成绩册 results 赛区 zone 东道国 host nation 盛会 a grand gathering 会徽 emblem 会旗 flat of the game 会歌 anthem of the games
火把点燃仪式 flame-lighting ceremony 开幕式 opening ceremony 闭幕式 closing ceremony
发奖仪式 prize-giving (-awarding)
ceremony
团体操 group callisthenics; mass callisthenics
比赛 contest; competition; tournament 国际比赛 international tournament 选拔赛 tryouts
邀请赛 invitational(invitation) tournament
锦标赛 champtionship 团体赛 team competition 联赛 league 平局 draw; tie
打成平局 to draw; to tie; to level the score; to play even 零比零 love all
三比零 three love; three to zero; three nil
一比二 one to two 二平 two all
三局两胜 best of three(games) 五局三胜 best of five(games) 连胜三局 to win three scts in a row 以两分之差 to come within two points] 保持不败记录 to keep a perfect record 净胜球数 goal difference 总分 total points; aggregate score 积累分 running score; accumulative points
败给 to lose to ;to fall to; to be defeated by
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失利 to lose
获胜 to win; to emerge the victor 打败 to dethrone
使对方得零分 to blank; to whitewash 险胜 cliff-banging win; to win by a narrow margin;
保持记录 to keep (hold) a record 打破(刷新)记录 to break(improve) a record
创造新纪录 to create (set) a new record
平记录 to equal (match) a record 少年记录 junior record 国家记录 national record 亚洲记录 Asian record 世界记录 world record 名次 placing; ranking; standing 冠军 champion
全能冠军 all-round champion 上届冠军 defending champion 亚军 running-up; second silver medallist
第三名 third; bronze
得第三;名列第三 to get the third place; to be third
与…并列第三 to tie for third with … 前八名 the last eight
博得观众热烈掌声 to draw warm applause from the spectators; to bring round after round of applause from the
spectators 观众 spectator
运动爱好者 sports fan; sports enthusiast
给…加油 to cheer for 啦啦队 cheering-section 啦啦队长 cheer-leader (4) 体育场地、器材
体育场 sports field; sports ground; stadium
体育馆 gym; gymnasium; indoor stadium
体育中心 sports centre; sports complex; 首都体育馆 Capital Gymnasium 北京工人体育场 Workers‟Sports Complex 可容纳人数 seating capacity (蓝、排、网、羽等)球场 court (棒、曲棍等室外项目)球场 field 比赛场地 playing area
室内场地 home ground; home court 室外场地 away ground; away court 底线 baseline; end line 边线 sideline 中线 centre 观众看台 stands 露天看台 bleachers 设备 equipment 器材 apparatus 运动服装 sportswear
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体育用品 sports goods; spots requisites 钉鞋 spikes (尖顶鞋); cleats(圆柱钉)
护具 pads; protective clothing; 拉力器 chest-expander; pull weights; chest-developer 杠铃 barwell 哑铃 dumb-well 握力器 spring-grip 发令 starter‟s pistol 秒表 chronograph; stopwatch
第三节 传统体育专业词汇
武 术
武术 wushu; martial arts
拳术 barehanded exercise; quanshu; Chinese boxing; pugilistic art 太极拳 taijiquan 打太极拳 to do taijiquan 练拳 to practise shadow boxing 少林拳 shaolinquan 螳螂拳 mantis boxing 猴拳 monkey boxing
气功 qigong; breathing exercises; 功夫 kung fu 拳 fist
拳法 fist position 指法 finger position 掌法 hand position
Beijing
腿法 leg position 步法 footwork; steps 基本姿势 basic position
头颈正直 to keep head and neck erect 与眼(鼻)平 at eye (nose) level 下颌里收 to draw the chin inward 上体后坐 sit back
成报球状 to make a hold-ball gesture 手心向下(上)palm down(up) 手心向里(外)palm inward (outward) 屈膝 bending of knee 弓腿 bending of leg 弓步 bow step
收腹 to draw the abdomen in 收臀 to keep buttocks pullde in 两肘松垂 to keep elbow loose and downward
划弧 to make an arc 勾手 hooked hand
上体左转 to turn trunk to the left 重心移至右腿上 to shift weight on to right leg 实步 solid step 虚步 empty step
长(短)兵器 long (short) weapon 矛; spear 大刀 broadsword 单刀 short-hilted 马刀 sabre 剑 sword
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双剑 double rapier 棍 cudgel
三节棍 three-section cudgel 九节棍 nine-section cudgel 双鞭 double whip 匕首 dagger 钩 hook 双钩 double hook 流星锤 meteor hammer 绳镖 rope dart 盾牌 shield 三叉 trident
挥舞(兵器)to brandish 刀术 broadswordplay 剑术 swordplay 刀舞;剑舞 sword-dance 集体剑 group swordplay 器械打 armed combat 对练 sparring
扫堂腿 ground sweeping 直刺 straight lunge 斜刺 diagonal stabbing 跳跃 jumping;leaping 扭身 twisting 踢腿 kicking
简化太极拳Simplified Taijiqian 第一组 Series I
(一) 起势 Form 1 Beginning Form (二) 左右野马分鬃 Form 2 Part
the Wild Horse‟s Mane on Both Sides
(三) 白鹤亮翅 Form 3 the White
Crane Spreads Its Wings
第二组 Series II
(四) 左右搂膝拗步 Form 4 Brush
Knee and Twist Step on Both Sides
(五) 手挥琵琶 Form 5 Hand
Strums the Lute
(六) 左右倒卷肱 Form 6 Step
Back and Whirl Arms on Both Sides
第三组 Series III
(七) 左揽雀尾 Form 7 Grasp the
Bird‟s Tail---Left style
(八) 右揽雀尾 Form 8 Grasp the
Bird‟s Tail---Right style
第四组 Series IV
(九) 单鞭 From 9 Single whip (十) 左云手 Form 10 Wave Hands
Like Clouds---Left style
(十一) 单鞭Form 11 Single Whip 第五组 Series V
(十二) 髙探马 Form 12 High Pat on
Horse
(十三) 左蹬脚 Form 13 Kick with
Right Heel
(十四) 双峰贯耳Form 14 Srike
Opponent‟s Ears with Both
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Fists
(十五) 转身左蹬脚Form 15 Turn and
Kick with Left Heel
第六组 Series VI
(十六) 左下势 Form 16 Push
Down and Stand on One Leg ---Left style
(十七) 右下势Form 17 Push
Down and Stand on One Leg ---Fight style
第七组Series VII
(十八) 左右穿梭 Form 18 Work at
Shuttles on Both Sides
(十九) 海底针Form 19 Needle at the
Bottom of the Sea
(二十) 闪通臂 Form 20 Flash the
Arm
第八组 Series VIII
(二十一) 转身搬拦锤Form 21
Turn,Deflect Downward, Parry and Punch
(二十二) 如封似闭Form 22
Apparent Close-up
(二十三) 十字手Form 23 Cross
Hands
(二十四) 收势 Form 24 Closing
Form
第四节 运动医学专业词汇
基础词汇
练习exercise; training 锻炼training; exercise 训练training 运动
sport; exercise (athletics;
maximal training 最大量训练 high intensity training 高强度训练 overtrain;overtraining 训练过度 prior locomotory training 预运动训练 prior exercise 预运动 prior wheel running
prior physical exercise 预体能运动 treadmill pre-training 预先跑台运动训练
treadmill preconditioning跑台预处理 rotorod旋转滚轮测试 exhausted swim 力竭游泳
forced swim test (FST) 强迫游泳实验
过度训练术语:over-training syndrome(OTS)、over-training、overreaching、 staleness、overused、burnout、chronic fatigue syndrome. fatigue 疲劳
strain 过度的疲劳,紧张,张力exercise-induced fatigue 运动性疲劳 exercise exhaustion运动力竭 central fatigue in sports运动中枢疲劳 fatigue-induced stress 疲劳应激 central nervous system fatigue 中枢神经系统疲劳
central fatigue 中枢疲劳
movement; locomotion) 活动activity; sport
比赛competition; match; game
体育physical education; physical culture; physical training
体育运动physical exercise; athletic sports
physical activity体育活动或体力活动 voluntary activity 自发性活动 wheel running 转轮运动 treadmill running 跑台运动
voluntary wheel running 自愿跑轮运动 resistive exercise 耐力运动 forced Exercise 强迫性运动
strenuous exercise;intense exercise 剧烈运动
heavy Exercise 强运动 fitness training 适度训练 physical exercise 身体训练 physical training 体能训练
exercise training 运动训练
voluntary physical activity and exercise training自愿体力活动和运动训练 endurance training 耐力训练
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training-induced 训练引起的
chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) 慢性疲劳综合症
physical performance capacity 体能
hypokinesia 运动功能减退 hyperkinesias 运动机能亢奋
hyperkinesia 运动机能亢奋, 运动过度, 痉挛
dysarthria 构音困难,发音困难 dysfunction 机能障碍
dystonia 肌张力障碍, 肌张力异常 myoclonus 肌阵挛
exercise-induced antidepressant effects 运动诱发的抗抑郁作用 fluctuations起伏现象
tics and auto-aggressive behaviour 抽搐与自动侵略行为
self-mutilation 自伤,自残。 self-harming behaviors 自残行为 affectivity n.情感作用
affectless adj.缺乏感情的,冷酷无情的;~ly
sensitization 致敏作用 conditioned avoidance response 条件回避反应
hypermotility 运动过强
conditioned taste aversio条件味觉厌恶
运动有关的医学形容词 subchronic 亚慢性的
suprathreshold 阈上的,超阈值的
body mass 体重
exercise capacity 运动能力 prolonged exercise 长时间运动 aerobic exercise program 有氧运动项目 anaerobic 厌氧的
aerobic physical exercise(APE) 有氧体育运动
exercise therapy 运动疗法 motorized treadmill 跑步机或跑台
running on a treadmill 跑台
运动有关的医学名词
kinesiology人体运动学,运动机能学 kinematics 运动学
kineti 动力(学)的; 运动的;由运动引起的 overweight 超重 obesity 肥胖 psychosis精神症 dementia 痴呆 footshock 足电击 kinetosis 运动病 dyskinesia 运动障碍 akinesia;akinetic;运动不能 hypomotility 运动不足
hypermotility 运动过强(胃、肠道等) kinaesthesia 运动感觉;【心理】动觉
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exo- 外,向外
endo- 内,内源性,吸入
open field 很多机会 unilateral 一侧的 bilateral 双侧的
ipsilateral and contralateral side 身体的同侧的,对侧的 mesial 近中的,正中的 long-term 长期的 temporary 暂时的 momentary 瞬间的 ensuing 跟着发生, 继起 progressively日益增多地
intraoperative外科手术进行时发生的immediate vs delayed 立即的/迟发的 spontaneously 自发的 simultaneous 同时发生的 intermittent 间歇性的 secondary 继发的 primary 原发的
exogenous 外因的,外源的 endogenous [生]内长的, 内生的 latency n.潜伏,潜伏状态 latent 潜在的
asymmetrical 不对称的
prenatal 产前的;postnatal 产后的 recurrent复发性的,周期性的 reversible 可反转的,可逆的 reciprocally 相互地, 相反地 adverse 不利的, 敌对的, 相反的 putative 推定的, 假定的, 被公认的 collectively 全体地
innovative创新的, 革新(主义)的 intact 完整的,无损伤的
intractable epilepsy 难治的羊痫风 treatment-resistant depression 顽固性抑郁症
描述性词语:
sparse 稀少的、稀疏的; densely 密集的、稠密的 slightly colored 淡染; densely colored 浓染
soma 胞体; offshoot 侧支; varicosity, swelling part 膨体 axon 轴突;dendrite 树突; neurite 突起,轴突 rostral 嘴侧的 rostromedial zona
定量及统计学表达词语:
upregulated expression 上调
morphometric analysis 形态计量学分析
semiquantitative analysis 半定量分析 quantitative determination 定量测定 extraction fraction 提取分数 densitometrical analysis密度测量分析 densitometry 密度测量 real time measurement 实时测量 voltammetry 伏安法
intracranial self stimulation 颅内自我刺激
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arrows showing…….箭头表示……… differential expression of 显著表达 colocalization 共存、共表达 interweave (使)交织, 织进, 混杂 adlibitum 随意
preferential.先取的, 优先的, 特惠的
实验动物: primate灵长类动物 guinea-pig 豚鼠,天竺鼠 gerbil 沙土鼠 agouti 刺豚鼠 rhesus monkey 猕猴 strains 品系,血统,过劳 voles 田鼠,野鼠 prairie voles 牧场田鼠 squirrel monkey 松鼠猴 rodent 啮齿动物 rana esculenta 食用蛙 amphibians 两栖动物 tetrapod 四脚动物 toad 蟾蜍, 癞 inbred strains 纯系株 transgenic mice 转基因小鼠
naive rats::以前未曾用作实验的大鼠,未训练大鼠
testing naive mice 测试未训练的老鼠 weaning 段奶
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研究方法:
physiological saline 生理盐水 intraperitoneally (i.p.) 腹膜腔内地 subcutaneously (s.c.) 皮下地 5-year follow-up 5年随访 a preliminary study 初步研究
subject 受试者 trial group 实验组 control group 对照组
pretreatmend 预处理
map recognition task 图形识别实验
paradigm 范例 radioligand 放射性配体 behavioral monitoring 行为监控 intracranial injections 颅内注射 tracing techniques 追踪技术 in situ hybridization 原位杂交 an in situ hybridization 原位杂交 water maze 水迷宫 the open-field test 旷场实验 ad libitum 随意
参考文献
1. 魏尔清主编. 《生物医学论著的英文写作教程》. 北京:科学出版社,2000. 2. 北京外国语学院英语系编写组. 《新编汉英分类词汇手册》. 北京:外语教学与 研究出版社,1983.
3. 刘鸿宇,王涛主编. 《英汉常用人体解剖学词汇》. 东营:石油大学出版社,1996. 4. 梁万年主编. 《医学科研方法学》(供研究生用). 北京:人民卫生出版社,2004. 5. 郑旗主编. 《体育科学研究方法》. 北京:人民体育出版社,2008.
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