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I. Key words: by
1. by可表示位置，(1) “__________”，如句1。也有“从„„旁边(经过)”之意。 2. by可表示交通、传递等的方式，如句2。3. by可表示时间，“到(某时)之前; 不迟于”，如句3。4. by可用于构成(2) ________，“被, 由”，如句4。
5. by可表示方式或手段，(3) “____________”结构在句中作方式状语，“通过„„方式(方法)”或“借助„„手段”，如句5。 be afraid of sth./doing sth.
害怕做某事(担心出现某种不良后果) be afraid to do sth.
害怕去做某事(“怕” 或“不敢”去做某事) be afraid +that
恐怕„„(礼貌地说出令人不快、失望(1) be afraid of sth/doing sth害怕做某事 担心（出现某种不良后果）。
(2) be afraid to do sth 害怕去做„, “怕” 或“不 敢”去做某事。
(3) be afraid +that 恐怕„, 用于礼貌地表达可 能令人不愉快的消息。
(4) 回答别人的提问时，可用省略形式 I’m afraid so (not)。
或感到遗憾的事)
【解析】部分动词的过去分词也可做该词的形容词： speak →spoke →spoken v.说 spoken 口语的 broken 坏掉的 written 写作的
I don’t know how to increase my reading speed.
II.sentences: It’s+too+adj.+ (for sb.)+to do sth.
意思是“(对某人来说)做某事是„too ... to ... 结构常表示“太„„而不 能„„”, too后面接形容词或副词, to后
面接动词原形。如：The room is too dirty to live in. He walks too slowly to get there on time. difficult, hard, important等，须用介词for。 It’s +adj. (kind, honest, friendly) + (of sb.) to do sth.
该句句型是It is adj. for sb. to do sth.
【注】若形容词表示事物特征的，如：easy,
【注】若形容词表示人的性格、品质与特点，如：good, kind, nice, wrong等，用介词of。 Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting.
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“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语
【注意】what to do后不需要跟宾语
how to do后必须跟宾语 【拓展】“疑问词+动词不定式”结构： know，tell, wonder, ask, find out, learn+
what, which, when, where, how +
动词不定式（to do）
III.phrases; look after 照顾 look like 看起来像 look out 当心, 小心
look through 浏览 look for 寻找 look forward to 期待 look around 向四周看 have/take a look看一看 look over 检查
发现做某事很难 find it difficult to do sth. 害怕做某事be afraid to do sth. 语言学习的秘密the secret to language learning 爱上fall in love with
肢体语言body language 脸上的表情the expressions on the faces 关健词key words 对„„感兴趣be interested in 查字典look up the word in the dictionary 【think相关短语】
think about 想起，考虑 think of 想到，认为 think over 仔细考虑 think out 考虑好 think up 想出来think through 认真地考虑
(1) try on 试穿 (2) try to do sth. 努力做某事，侧重尽力做(3) try doing sth. 试图做某事，侧重尝试做(4) try one’s best to do sth. = do one’s best to do sth. 尽某人最大努力做某事
find out寻找，查明【拓展】find/look for/find out 找(1) find v. 找到，强调找到的结果 (2) look for 寻找，强调找东西的过程(3) find out 查明，找到，指经过调查，询问 等弄清事实的But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. 1. 注意，关注pay attention to 2. 把„和„联系起来connect…with… 3. 天生具有„be born with… 4. 取决于depend on 5. 即使even if 6. 害怕be afraid of 7. 犯错误make mistakes 8. 向„学习learn from 9. 熟能生巧Practice makes perfect.
IV.grammar: 动名词 定 义: 它是一种兼有动词和名词特征 的非谓语动词形式。 基本形式: V-ing
作 用: 动名词具有名词的性质，在句中可
以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1) 作动词的宾语
常见的此类动词有：practice练习, keep保持, finish完成,enjoy, hate恨（like 爱）mind,介（意、词） 必跟ing 。cannot help禁不住miss错过
give up, keep on, put off, depend on, think about, succeed in, worry about, be used to, get 2
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used to, look forward to, pay attention to,等。画横线的是介词后加V-ing 2. 介词的宾语
1. I learn English by doing grammar exercises. 2. Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 3. He was late again because of getting up late. 4. Lock the doors and windows before going out. 5. What/How about the two of us playing games？ 停止、忘记，尝试，记。 没做to do, 做了 ing.
1. remember/forget/ regretto do 动作尚未发生/doing 动作已经发生 2. Try doing 试试去做（看有何结果/ to do 设法、努力去做，尽力
3. mean to do 打算做（主语一般是人）doing 意味着（主语一般是物） 4. regret to do 对将要做的事抱歉 doing 对已经发生的事感到后悔 5. Stop to do 停下去做另外一件事 doing 停止做手头的事情 ３.作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 时态 语态 一般时 完成时 主动语态 writing having written 被动语态 being written having been written 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 动名词的复合结构：
动名词的逻辑主语＋动名词＝动名词的复合结构
Would you mind _____（我开窗户吗）? Would you mind my / me opening the window? my/ me 称为动名词的逻辑主语。I can’t understand Jack /Jack’s leaving his wife. I can’t understand his/him leaving his wife. Jack’s/ His leaving his wife is unbelievable. 1. I can’t always understand spoken English.
【解析】
create v. 创造，创建brain n. 大脑active adj. 活跃的pay attention to 注意；关注
connect„with„ 把„和„连接或联系起来review v. & n. 复习；回顾knowledge n. 知识，学问overnight adv. 一夜之间lifelong adj. 终身的，毕生的wisely adv. 明智地，聪明地 connect v. 意为“连接；与„„有联系”
当表示把两个物体（A和B）连接起来时，常用结构是connect A to / with / and B，其中to表示把A接到B上，多用来指动作而不指状态。
e.g. Connect the speaker to / with the record player, please.
The subway connects the train station and / with the airport. Good learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more.
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Even if you learn something well, you will forget it unless you use it.
even though=even if 即使, 引导让步状语从句【注】even though 引导让步状语从句时，不能与but 连用。they are not afraid of making mistakes. 6. They even ask each other and try to find out the answers.
1) 此句中whether or not you can do it well是 个从句，用作整个句子的主语。这种从句 叫作“主语从句”。又如：
Whether you did it right or wrong isn’t so important. What’s important is the experience you gained
2) whether or not 是英语从句的一个连词结构， 意思和功能相当于whether, 表示“是否”，常出现在宾语从句，主语从句中。使用时，也可把whether和or not分开，or not放到句尾。 例如:
I can’t tell whether or not the teacher likes me. 此句也可以写成: I can’t tell whether the teacher likes me or not.
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