笔译总结

•

一、换序译法

1) It’s good you're so considerate. 你想得这样周到是很好的。（×这是很好的你想得这样周到。）（主语从句换序）

人，他是现在一个工程师。）（同位语换序）

• 2) Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。（×以前的工• 3) On and on Byron talked. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War) 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。（×滔滔不绝地拜伦讲述着。）（状语换序）

• • • • • • • • • •

• • •

• • •

二、断句译法

1) It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。// 这一点是可以肯定的。（拆开名词从句）

2) Because the young man frequently came to the lady’s house, he was regarded as the mistress’s lover. 这个小伙子经常来到太太的家。因此，别人都以为他是这女主人的情人。（拆开状语从句）

3) After the war, his friend Kraemer got him a job as an instructor in an Army training school that paid $ 10,000 a year. 大战结束后，他的朋友克莱摩介绍他到一所军事训练学校去任教，年薪一万美元。（拆开定语从句）

三、转句译法

1) A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War) 轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多·亨利无法离开白宫。（主语转句）

2) After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads. (Alex Haley, Roots) 走了一个时辰光景，他们走到了一棵矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁，树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。（定语转句） 3) I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller: The Story of My Life) 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。（状语转句）

四、合句译法

1) Darkness fell. // An explosion shook the earth. // It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。

2) That day, the President had an interview with her father. // Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle. 那天，总统会见了她的父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。

3) She is very busy at home. // She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. 她在家很忙，又要看好孩子，又要下厨。

五、缩句译法

1) It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end. 一九四五年四月，第二次世界大战已接近尾声。（缩为状语）

2) She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 她回家去照料病重的丈夫。（缩为定语）

3) Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 她的父亲，二次大战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的。（缩为同位语）

六、转态译法

1) She hadn‘t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it.（Jack Lindsay: Betrayed Spring） 人家没告诉过她蓓蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。

2) Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market. 许多人要求建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。

3) He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country. 他说，向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。

七、正反译法 teen.

• 原文：What they found will surprise no one who has a teen or is a teen or just remembers being a • 原译：对于任何一个青少年，或者曾经是青少年，再或已成为青少年父母的人来说，这次实验结果都不会令人吃惊。 • 改译：这一结果引起了那些青少年父母、青少年本人以及对青少年时期仍记忆犹新的人们的共鸣。

本学期学习主要内容

实用词语翻译

1. trade surplus 2. mean temperature 3. high seas 4. aviation and marine insurance 5. foreign exchange dealing

1. 贸易顺差 2. 平均温度 3 公海 4. 航空和海事保险业 5. 外汇交易

6. Land Nationalization and Single Tax 7. a documentary film 8. a nuclear family 9. brain shrinkage 10. money flow

6. 土地国有化和单一税制 7. 纪录片 8. 小家庭 9. 大脑萎缩 10.货币流量

实用词语翻译

11. 经济全球化 12. 基本生活费 13. 硅谷 14. 环保产业 15. 实现软着陆

11. economic globalization 12. basic allowances

13. Silican Valley14. environmental protection industry 15. to pull off a soft landing

16. 生态农业 17. 国际经济新秩序 18. 产能过剩 19. 东南亚国家联盟20. 可持续性发展

16. environment(ally)-friendly agriculture 17. a new international economic order 18. over-capacity

19. ASEAN (Assiociation of Southeast Asian Nations) 20. sustainable development

修辞翻译要点

1.译文要明确无误；

2.翻译要讲究¡°语工¡±； 3.行文要文约而事丰； 4.叙事层次要分明；

5.文顺字顺，承上启下，自然流畅； 6.选词要适当，用词要得体； 7.恰当运用汉语四字词组；

8.保持原文的修辞方法，灵活运用译入语的修辞方法。

译文要明确无误

试比较下段文字的两种译法：

Even Mr. Lincoln was mocked as country yokel, but saved the Union and still presides in marble on the edge of the Potomac (波拖马可河).

译文1 想当初，不是林肯先生也曾被人讥笑为―乡巴佬―么？而他却拯救了联邦，至今其大理石雕像仍然雄踞于波拖马可河畔呢！ 译文2 甚至林肯先生也曾被讥笑为―乡巴佬―，可他是联邦的拯救者，迄今波拖马可河畔仍然矗立着他的大理石雕像。

译文力求文约而事丰

1．It is no use doing what you like; you have to like what you do. 爱一行干一行不行，要干一行，爱一行。 2．No admittance for passengers. 游客止步。

3．It is easer to marry than unmarry. 结婚容易离婚难。

4．One can‘t be too careful in matters like this. 在这个问题上越谨慎越好。

翻译必须讲究“语工”

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on his continent a new nation, covered in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

八十七年前，我们的先辈在这个上建立了一个以自由为理想，以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。（许渊冲译）

叙述层次要分明

即按照汉语语言习惯，该先说的先说，比不拘泥于原文的语序；该采用意合法的采用意合法（Parataxis）,不必死抠原文的连接词语；语篇要贯通，尽量避免前后脱节或语言梗阻。

Mammoth(庞大的) complexes of cities are developing in the area of the East Coast and the East North-Central states, on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, and near the shores of the Great Lakes.

在美国东海岸一带，中北部偏东的几个州，太平洋和墨西哥湾沿岸，以及大湖湖滨附近，庞大的城市群体正在崛起。

文从字顺，承上启下，自然流畅

Spring has no speech, nothing but rustling and whispering. Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streamers, and in its sweet restless seeking!

春天没有语言，只有湘枫低吟，春花怒放，春叶茁发，春水奔流，春天欢腾地、无休止地追逐着，这一切比语言要丰富得多。

选词要适当，用词要得体

主要指翻译要考虑原文的文体特征、作者的风格特征，以及所涉及的人物（如文学作品）的性格、年龄、受教育的程度、社会地位等特征。 请仔细阅读下列句子，找出其文体特征： 1．Tourism for Development

旅游促进发展（广告用语）（语言精练）

2． A ―wise man‖ is one who hears the overall situation in mind, puts the general interests above all and grasp the major issues. 所谓―贤者‖，就是要顾大局，识大体，抓大事。（政论）

适当运用汉语的四字词组

四字词组在汉语中特别活跃。在翻译中成功运用四字词组，可以使译文生动、形象、有力。 请试用四字词组翻译下述例句：

1. The policemen went among the villagers in disguise and saw if there were straws in the wind. 身着便服到村民中去查访，看看有无蛛丝马迹可寻。

2. A month ago he was a man of mould, today he seemed truly touched by divine spirit, which spiritualized and elevated him. 一个月前，他还是个凡夫俗子；今天，他似乎真正得到了圣灵的造化，超凡入圣了。 尽量保留原文的修辞方法，或灵活利用译入语的修辞方法，以增强译文的力量或效果。 保留原有句法结构的重复

Energy imports and consumptions must be reduced, competition enhanced by rigid enforcement of pertinent laws, and general monetary growth retained.

能源的进口和消耗必须减少，竞争必须通过相关法律的严格实施来加强，货币的总增长必须。

辞格与翻译

修辞格可以划分为三类: 可译; 难译; 不能译. 一、 直译法 —对可译的辞格: 尽可能直译

(一) 明喻; 暗喻; 拟人; 夸张

练习

Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher.

您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高 洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。（明喻） B. 暗喻; Metaphor

•

A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.

• 1)何等动人的一页又一页篇章! 这是人类思维的花朵。

What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. • 2)霎时间, 东西长安成了喧腾的大海。

At once, the Eastern and Western Chang‘an Roads became roaring oceans. • 3)Jane‘s uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils. 珍妮的叔叔是个老狐狸, 什么坏事都干得出来. • 4)After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后, 吉姆成了她心中的太阳.

• 英语句式十分灵活，而且有些习语，由于文化的浸染，在翻译中，我们必须考虑到译语的需要并作出适当的调整。 • 例如：drink like a fish. • 牛饮(不宜译作―鱼饮‖) • as cunning as a dead pig

• 像狐狸一样狡猾(不宜译作―像死猪一样狡猾‖，涉及形象的转换) • 翻译时应当尽最大可能保留原文特点。

• My life is one long curve, full of turning points. 我的一生是一条长长的曲线，转择点多极了。（本体tenor、喻体vehicle和喻

底ground同现）

• If the fatherland is sound, my personal troubles are only a flea bite. 只要祖然无恙，我个人的烦恼只不过是跳蚤咬的一口。

(本体和喻体同现)

• Investments in restructuring companies involves substantial risks, and deciphering the details of a company‘s finances and • •

plans for re-emergence is akin to penetrating a legal jungle. 对重整中的公司进行投资，要冒很大的危险。要弄清楚公司的财务细节与摆脱困境重新出头的计划，犹如读遍堆积如山的六法全书。（本体隐含） A silver plate is rising up in the sky. 一个银盘子从天边升起。（直译法）

While they concentrate on attacking GM crops, the plants‘ conventionally bred cousins could sneak into Europe through the back door.当人们集中精力抨击基因作物时，那些通过传统方法培育的同类作物便悄然地进入欧洲市场。(意译法) • Yet another possibility is that the steady growth in the number of clinical categories for mental illness is fueling a kind of

―disease inflation‖. 然而，另一种可能性是精神病临床种类数目的稳步增加速度导致一种所谓的―疾病膨胀‖现象——精神病范围的盲目扩大。（直译加解释） 练习

• •

This film star is a nine days wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in a year‘s time.

这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。（暗喻）

C 拟人; personification

A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities 2) 每条岭都是那么温柔, 虽然下自山脚, 上至岭顶, 长满了珍贵的林木, 可是谁也不孤峰突起, 盛气凌人.

All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance, though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.

3) How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! 时间, 这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷, 盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了.

这一辞格就是把人以外的无生命之物后有生命之物当作人来描写, 并把它写得既有人的动作又有人的思想感情, 在汉语和英语里均是如此.

所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化 。

The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.

新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.）

• Then night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear–stained face up to

hers, and smiles, and, though she does not speak, we know that she would say and lay our hot, flushed cheek against her bosom and the pain is gone.

夜像一个慈祥伟大的母亲，轻轻地把她的手放在我们发烫的额头上，把我们沾满泪水的小脸扭向她的面孔，微笑着，虽然她不说话，但我们知道她会说些什么。她把我们烧得发烫的面颊靠在她的胸上，疼痛也就消失了。

• The one in the brown suit gaped at her. Blue suit grinned, might even have winked. But big nose in the grey suit still stared and

he had small angry eyes and did not even smile.

穿棕色衣服的人目瞪口呆地盯着她，蓝衣服笑着，甚至还使了个眼色。但是穿灰衣服的大鼻子仍然凝视着，他长着一双红肿的小眼睛，脸上没有笑容。

D. 夸张; Hyperbole

Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech.

• 1)突然, 在我们头顶五六丈的上空, 发出一声可怕的霹雳, 闪电像利剑一样直插下来, 天空被彻底吹裂了,震碎了!

All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifth feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces.

• 2) 我从乡下跑到京城里, 一转眼已经六年了。 Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the

countryside.

• 3)He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.他在林荫道上跑着, 发出的声音就像十匹马在奔腾。 • 夸张在汉语和英语里都是常用的修辞格, 用以加强语气, 增强语言的感染力, 有意夸大或缩小事物的某一方面, 从而获得更好

的表达效果. 翻译中采取直译能把语言的感染力带到译文里。

• 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用―言过其实‖的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中

夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发 。例如：

• We were tired to death on reaching the peak.

我们爬到山顶后，简直要累死了。

• I'd give the world to see you.

我十分想见你。

• For she was beautiful--her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of shade.

因为她太漂亮了——她的美使光灿的世界黯然失色，她身边的一切都像是瞬间而逝的烟云。（恰如其分地道出她的美）

• It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.

今天阳光明媚，躲在家中，实在是罪过。

用 crime一词强烈地表达出作者想要外出的心情，一种迫不及待的心情跃然纸上。

• I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms.

在小男孩的心目中，妈妈一直是那么的坚强、勇敢，但是当小男孩第一次看见妈妈哭泣的时候，他突然感觉到了妈妈也和他一样有失败、有痛苦，就像妈妈过去千百次体会到他的痛苦一样。例句中的a thousand occasions利用数字进行夸大渲染，体现了妈妈对儿子的关爱之情。

• When I heard the news, each hair on my head seemed to be standing on end.

当我听到那个消息时，头上的每根头发都好像倒竖了起来。

这一例句的翻译，应该充分发挥想象力，运用形象思维，进入原文描绘的情境当中，对译文进行适当的形象处理，以达到理想的效果。

• They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. 他们比雄鹰还敏捷，他们比雄师还强壮。 • A thousand thanks for your kindness. 万分感谢你的盛情。

• A young girl brought the house down with a ballet dance. 一位年轻的姑娘跳了一个芭蕾舞博得全场喝彩。 • On Sundays I have a thousand and one things to do. 星期天我有许多事情要做。

• Every lover sees a thousand graces in the beloved object.一千种魅力/情人眼里出西施。 • Blood streams down from his forehead.他的前额血流如注。

• With a wild incommunicable joy in his heart, he whispered to himself, ―I am the happiest man in the world.‖ 使用最高级/他那

狂喜的心情难以表达出来，于是自言自语道：―我是世界上最幸福的人了。‖

练习

• 1. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination. • 2. Youth slips away without being fully enjoyed.

• 3. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. • 4. Her face was a fair index to her disposition.

• 5. When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress.

青春还没有被完全品位就已经悄悄溜走了。拟人

3. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.

• 1. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination.夸张 这里的财富数不胜数，几乎超出想象。 • 2. Youth slips away without being fully enjoyed.

•

• 一位招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并挥旗叫我停下。暗喻 • 4. Her face was a fair index to her disposition.

暗喻 她的脸部表情清楚地显示出她的个人气质

5. When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress. 明喻 她比母老虎还要凶狠. (比较级) 实用词语翻译 1. trade deficit 2. continental shelf 3. different schools in literature

4. coastal erosion 5. medical disputes

1. 贸易逆差 2. 架 3. 文学各种流派 4. 沿海地区水土流失 5. 医疗纠纷 6. mental decline 7. cost of inquiry 8. money laundering

9. State of the Union Message 10. shuttle diplomacy

6. 智力衰退 7. 咨询费 8. 洗钱 9. 国情咨文 10.穿梭外交 11. 知识产权 12. 国际货币基金组织

13. 西部大开发 14. 辛亥 15. 丝绸之路

11. intellectual property right 12. International Monetary Fund 13. Development of West Regions

14. the Revolution of 1911 15. the Silk Road 16. 地大物博 17. 科技进步 18. 集装箱港口 19. 市 20. 科学发展观 16. vast size and resources

17. scientific and technological improvement

18. a container port 19. the municipal government 20. scientific outlook on development (二) 讳饰; 转喻; 省略

• A. 讳饰；委婉 Euphemism

•

• euphemism来源于希腊语 euphemismos，就是good/pleasant speech（好听的话、优雅的说法之意）。

• 在现实生活中，有一些事物或行为不宜过于直率地表达出来，于是用一种不明说的，能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法，代替

具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法，避开“直言不讳”(call a spade a spade)，采用（beat around the bush）的策略完成交际意图，这就是委婉语。

Euphemisms are mild, agreeable, or roundabout words used in place of coarse, painful, or offensive ones.

委婉语是一种重要修辞手法，普遍存在于各种语言之中。它具有协调人际关系，维持正常交往等重要社会交际功能。

• 由于委婉语会采用一些比较抽象或者是模棱两可的概念，运用比喻或者是褒义等手法，使谈话双方能够间接的谈论不宜直说

的事情，在翻译过程中，要注意把握其交际意图，努力再现说话者的语气。

• 以money为例：In his scale of values he places power and economics at the top of the list. 这里说话人就是用 economics （经济）

来代替 money（金钱），这样可弱化事物，达到语用效果。

• 又如在一个野外旅行的场景当中，女友对男友说 Wait a minute, I want to pick a daisy. 如果你把它翻译成―等一等，我想去摘

一朵菊花‖，那可就要闹笑话了，因为她说的 to pick a daisy 是―方便‖的委婉语，不妨译成―我去去就来‖或其他一些为委婉的表达，而不至于掉入误译的陷阱。

• 1)―你在这里…呆了好久?‖ 成岗不愿对孩子说出那个可怕的 ―关‖字, 改口说成了 ―呆了好久‖。

• ―Hong long have you been staying here?‖ Cheng Gang avoided using that terrible phrase ―locked up.‖ • 2)尤氏道: ―我也暗暗地叫人预备了。—就是那件东西, 不得好木头, 且慢慢地办着罢。‖

• ―I‘ve secretly sent people to get things prepared. But they haven‘t found good wood for that thing yet, so we have to wait.‖ (原

文用 ―那件东西‖ 来暗指 ―棺材‖, 译文用 ‗that thing ―来代替 ―coffin ―, 译文读者是能够理解的。)

• ―死亡‖的说法古今中外不胜枚举，在汉语里，有―崩‖或―驾崩‖、―驾鹤归西‖、―羽化飞天‖、―圆寂‖、―仙逝‖、 ―香消玉殒‖、

―玉碎珠沉‖等。现在，人们常用―长眠了‖、―停止呼吸‖等一些委婉的表达方式。英语中死亡的委婉说法有数百种之多：to pass away (离开)，to go to sleep (长眠)，to go to heaven (上西天) ，to be no more (不在了)，to join the majority (加入了大多数)，to go to glory expire (去了光荣的国度) ，corpse (跨了)，depart(离开), kick the bucket(蹬腿), breathe one‘s last(停止了呼吸)等等。

• 社会职业。西方社会职业的高低、贵贱十分明显，一些社会地位低下的人对自己职业的卑微很敏感，出于虚荣心，希望自己

的职业能有一个好听的名称。

• 秘书——administrative assistant（行政助理） • 保姆maid——domestic-help（内务助手） • 老人 —— senior citizen （年长公民）

• 清洁工——sanitary engineer（卫生工程师）

• 失业out of job——between jobs，to be developing a new project，to be self-employed，相当于汉语的―待业‖，―找工作当中‖。 • 屠夫butcher——meat technologist (肉类技术专家)，

• 贫民窟——substandard housing(不标准的住宅)或special area (特殊区)

这些职业的委婉说法很大程度上是出于礼貌，并且与社会的发展进步是分不开的。

• 此外，一些禁忌话语也会被委婉的说法取代，例如如果说到某位女士已pregnant(怀有身孕) ，听者就会联想到―挺得高高的肚

子‖。若说她是eating for two(吃双份饭) 的人，就能淡化―挺着大肚子‖概念。用expecting或in the family way也可表达同样的意思。

• 在商业、广告方面，现今人们为了使自己的行业赢得他人的喜欢，有些关于行业的委婉用词越来越广泛。如industry这个词

最初只限于使用机器制造成品的企业，如今几乎一切能够产生利润的部门，都可用这一词。如extractive industry（业）women‗s beauty industry（美容业）tourist industry（旅游业）商店里的鸡蛋，不应再分大蛋，小蛋，而被称为large，medium，standard。在广告方面，旧汽车不再叫old car或 second-hand，而叫做pre-owned car尽管新的说法并不能改变现实，但这些说法使听者得到了一种精神上的安慰。 意义

• 熟悉和掌握英语中的委婉表达，在译入的时候 • 一方面可以尽量避免误译，

• 另一方面则可丰富表达形式，体现出原文的文体特征，甚至是为译文增添色彩。 • B. 转喻;借代 Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.

• 借代反映了两个密切相关的事物的现实关系，它是借用伴随或附属于某一事物的名称来代替某事物。它常利用人名、动植物

名、职业、建筑物或地名等作为喻体，如用White House (白宫) 指代美国，用dove (鸽子) 象征和平等。

• The kettle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。 • 这是用容器代替被盛的东西。

• Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。

• 句中把读书比作吃东西，形象而又不失深刻。

• Every life has its roses and thorns. 人生自有甘苦。

这里的roses (玫瑰花) 和thorns (荆棘) ，喻代生活中的happiness (甜美) 和misery(痛苦)。日常生活中有鲜花也有荆棘，比喻人生充满着酸甜苦辣。

• 1)秃头站在白背心的略略正对面, 弯了腰, 去研究背心上的文字。 Baldy, standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin,

stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.

• 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

• Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖ (不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

• 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

• Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖

(不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

• But you have not seen my Corots. They are in the music room. (Oscar Wilde) 可是你还没有看见我收藏的科罗特的风景画，它们挂在我的音乐室里。 Young men are suggested to read Shakespeare. 年轻人应该去读一读莎士比亚。

这里的Shakespeare 代指的就是the works written by Shakespeare。一谈到要阅读―莎士比亚‖(Shakespeare)，人们脑海中马上联想到莎士比亚写的作品。

• And since Washington‘s budget alchemy permits the current generation to spend whatever it wants on retiree income and

health programs and pass the tab on to their children, who wants to pay more? ——Newsweek , April 13 , 1992

既然美国所耍的预算法术容许这一代在退休金和医疗计划方面随意花钱，而把账单推给他们的孩子来付，那谁还愿意多缴税? （Washington代指美国）

C. 省略; Ellipsis

• In linguistics, ellipsis or elliptical construction refers to the omission from a clause of one or more words that would otherwise be required by the remaining elements.

• 1) ―你姓什么?‖ ― What‘s your surname?‖

• ―陈.‖ (=―我姓陈.‖) ―Chen.‖ (= My surname is Chen.)

• ―你叫什么名字?‖ ―And your name?‖ (= ―And what‘s your name?‖ • ―昌奉.‖ (=―我的名字叫昌奉.) ―Changfeng.‖ (= My name is Changfeng.)

(三) 移就;反语;递降

• A. 移就; Hypallage

transferred epithet does not really belong.

• A figure of speech in which the epithet表示特征的词 is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it

• 移就是英语中常用的一种修辞格，指的是甲乙两者相关联，把原用来说明甲的修饰语转用来修饰与它根本不同属性的乙，其

特点是不直接说明它所修饰对象的性质、形象或特色，而是与不同属性的词搭配，使其具备一种字面以外的联想意

• 例如：The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.

大个子一屁股坐了下来，椅子吱吱嘎嘎地作响，好像是在提似的。

例句中的protesting常用来说明人的行为，现移用来修饰具体事物chair，既生动又幽默，为表达原文的这种让人忍俊不禁的效果，a protesting chair不宜译为―的椅子‖，上面的译文也正是通过意译的方式更明确地传达了原文的内涵意义。

• There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, ―Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality.‖ • 电话里出现了短暂的沉默，思考片刻后，他接着说道:―爸爸，您刚才的话使我深受启迪，让我恍然大悟。‖

译文并没有死扣原文，而是将形容词thoughtful转译成动词，顿使译文表达清楚，自然流畅。 1) 位置还原法 例句：When I‘m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did.

每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时，或是自叹不走运时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像妈妈当年一样，一个字一个字地吃力地打着。

painful word中显然painful应该是用来修饰人的，所以分析完了后，我们就可以将它还原到该修饰的词语的地方，让译文make sense。

• 2)变换结构

例句：An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you‘ve learnt from it。 失败的代价虽然昂贵，但是只要你能从中吸取教训，它就能化为一笔财富。

对例句应作深层次的分析，expensive failure如何译成汉语？这就需要结构的转换。译文将作定语的expensive转换成谓语，并增添―代价‖二字使非常规的搭配变为常规搭配，再与谓语―昂贵‖构成主述结构，使句子易被读者接受。

• 1)然而悲惨的皱纹, 却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了. Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his

mouth.

• 2)广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火. Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.

• 3) After a happy day, she had a sleepless night.她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个不眠之夜.

• 4) In the examination, the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher, who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.在考场上,

那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼, 老师显然怀疑到他在作弊.

• 英语移就是一种颇具特色的修辞手法，其有悖逻辑却又合乎逻辑的超常规搭配常给人耳目一新的感觉，言简意丰，生动形象，

因而被广泛应用于各种文体当中。

• 翻译时，要对原文中的移就辞格进行充分的分析，从表层结构的临时修饰看透其深层结构的语义关系和逻辑关系，彻底理解

移就所传达的情感和语义信息，根据不同的语境，运用恰当的翻译策略，将这一生动形象的修辞手段完美地传译出来。

B: 反语 Irony

•

Irony is an implied discrepancy 不一致between what is said and what is meant. The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

当直译不产生误解时，直译。

If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes，don't listen…They're probably trying to trick you into living． (广告语)如果有人苦口婆心地劝你戒烟，不要理他——他们大概是想骗你活得长久些。

The most happy marriage I can picture or imagine to myself would be the union of a deaf man to a blind woman. 我能描绘和想象得出的最美满的婚姻，当是聋男和盲女的结合。

但是，当直译不能传情达意时，应不拘泥于原文字面，采用补偿或变通的译法。

They were，in fact，very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humor when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited． (J．Austen：Pride and Prejudice)

事实上，她们都是非常好的小姐；她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是在要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，

问题在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大。

This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. 这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时。

这里的hard - working 实指lazy , 深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰。

教材：What a noble illustration of the Tender Laws of his favoured country! —They let the paupers go to sleep! 他们竟允许穷人睡觉!这是多么高尚的例证,说明他那行善的国家法律是多么仁慈!

句中作者故意运用了 noble, tender, favoured 这些反语以讽刺那个所谓仁慈的国家法律。 教材

—―The boy has broken another glass,‖ said the mother —―A fine thing!‖ the father replied. —母亲说: ―小家伙又打碎了一个杯子.‖ —父亲回答道 ―好得很!‖

C: 突降; Anticlimax

Anticlimax：The usually sudden transition in writing or speaking from an idea of significance or dignity to an idea trivial or ludicrous by comparison especially at the close of a series, sentence, or passage, as a love of God, justice, and sports cars. 从重要的,崇高的话题突降到不重要，卑微的话题即从一个高潮突然降到低潮给人以轻松、幽默、诙谐的感觉。 The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. 战士的职责就是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。 For God, for America, and for Yale. 为了上帝，为了美国，也为了耶鲁。

He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. 他失去了帝政，失去了家庭，失去了钢笔。 练习

The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 气象员说天气挺暖和。他大概是在洗澡堂里量气温的吧。（反语） 练习

• • • • •

• • • • • •

If you choose to waste your time and so risk failing you in exam, that‘s your funeral .

如果你一定要浪费时间，甘冒考试落第之结果，此乃阁下之事矣。（反语） 实用词语翻译

职业道德 试点项目 江南水乡 跳街舞 昆曲 京剧票友 小火 拼车 缘分 首行 首次亮相 执政党 在野党

Professional ethnics A pilot program

water town in the Yangtze River dance hip-hop Kunqu Opera

Peking Opera fans low fire taxi sharing fate and destiny

maiden voyage debut appearance ruling party party out of power 实用词语翻译

• • • • • •

• • •

Bamako 巴马科（马里首都 Okinawa 冲绳县(岛)(隶属日本 PMI（Purchasing Manager's Index) midwife采购经理指数

Farewell My Concubine 助产士《霸王别姬 Poetry recital Orphanage诗歌朗诵会 孤儿院 y-o-y

Artistic treasures IAEA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

chief executive of HK SAR Tung Chee-hwa Donald Tsang

Leung Chun-ying Macao SAR chief executive Edmund Ho

Fernando Chui Sai On 纪律检查委员会 低碳排放 低碳生活

低碳经济

同比、同期

艺术瑰宝

国际原子能机构(联合国) 特首 董建华 曾荫权 梁振英 澳门特首 何厚铧 崔世安

Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC low carbon emission low carbon lifestyles low carbon economy

辞格与翻译

• 意译法

• —对难译的辞格: 尽可能加工

• 1) 红雨随心翻作浪,

青山着意化为桥。

(: 《七律 送瘟神》)

• Crimson rain swirls in waves under our will, • Green mountains turn to bridges at our wish.

• 2) 樱花红陌上, • 柳叶绿池边。

• (《周恩来诗选 春日偶成》)

• The pathways red with cherry blossoms; • The lakeside green with willow leaves.

• 对偶要求上下两句在结构上相同或相似, 字数相等或基本相等, 这种非常讲究形式的翻译确实不容易。 • Marriage has many pains, but celibacy has no pleasure. • 结婚有许多苦恼，但是独身也没有快乐。/直译法 • Speech is silver; silence is golden. • 雄辩是银，沉默是金。 /直译法

• No one is fool always, everyone sometimes.

• 没有人永远当傻瓜，人人偶尔当傻瓜。 /增词法

• Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wiser men use them. • 狡猾者轻视学问；无知者崇拜学问；聪明人利用学问。/省略法

Pun (双关/多关)

• A pun is a figure of speech which consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for

rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious.

• Make your every hello a real good-buy. (电话广告) 让你的每一声―喂‖都真正的货真价实。 （同音双关）

• Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the

time. (一词多义双关)

• What is the difference between a soldier and a young girl? One powders the face, the other faces

the powder. （同词异义双关）

• I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House. The • What do lawyers do when they die?

Lie still.

President gets the bill from the Senate. And we get the bill for everything. （同词异义双关）

• “I’m a prisoner, gentleman. Confined as the lady said.” 坐牢/坐月子

Parody （仿拟）

• A parody, in current usage, is an imitative work created to mock, or comment on an original work, its subject, author, style, or

some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation. • Not so loud, you fool — remember — even people have ears. (Walls have ears.)

• A word is known by the company it keeps. (A man is known by the company he keeps.)

Parallelism（对称）

• Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn‘t make perfect. (Practice makes perfect.)

• He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine. (A stitch in time saves nine.) • Parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.

• I am song and fear, struggle and panic, and ennobling hope. 我是欢歌，我是恐惧，我是惊慌，我是希望——使人高尚。

队伍。她们有的嚎啕大哭，有的放声大笑，有的则与亲人吻别。

• He was a miser, a bachelor, and an egotist. 他是一个吝啬鬼，一个单身汉，一个利己主义者。

• Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye. 女人们跑出来，涌向行进的• The Chinese diplomat should be firm in stance, far in sight, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, noble in

character. 中国的外交官应当立场坚定、眼光远大、头脑敏捷、业务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚。

• My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. 世

界公民们，请你们勿问何所得于美国，但问共同为人类自由的贡献有多少。 实用词语翻译

• • • • • • •

创新型国家、节约型国家、素质教育、 市场经济、变废为宝、第一批产品、 不插手、茶馆、劳动密集型产业 innovation-oriented country， economy-oriented country， quality-oriented education， market-oriented economy，

• • • • • • • • •

change trash into treasure，

The first batch of products，stay out of，teahouse，labor-intensive industry 实用词语翻译

Arab League、Mind words and deeds、 launch window、 escalation of tension、 Consumer Price Index (CPI)、 SME Small and Middle Enterprise、 Small and micro-sized enterprise

阿盟、谨言慎行、发射窗口、紧张局势升级、消费者物价指数、中小企业、小微企业

应用文体的翻译

Translation of Applied English Writings

一种用途非常广泛的功能性文体，从内容到形式丰富多样，适应不同的目的和要求。如公函书信（社交信函、事务信函、商业信函）、通知便条、合同协议、法律文件、公证书、证明书、海报广告、电报贺卡、演讲动员、留言、申请等，都属于应用文文体的范畴。

• 应用文所用语言形式多样化，不同类别的应用文，其语言的差别十分悬殊，内容与目的，语言与格式均有不同的要求，各有

其特点。

• 应用文的特点是实用性强，不管用于什么目的，都有很强的针对性。因此，翻译时应注意要语言简练、直截了当、条理清楚、

表达准确、用词恰当、明白易懂。一般就事论事、不求虚饰、不作修饰和自由发挥，避免晦涩难懂的词语。本章主要谈几种常见的应用文及其翻译。

• 对偶要求上下两句在结构上相同或相似, 字数相等或基本相等, 这种非常讲究形式的翻译确实不容易。 • Marriage has many pains, but celibacy has no pleasure. • 结婚有许多苦恼，但是独身也没有快乐。/直译法 • Speech is silver; silence is golden. • 雄辩是银，沉默是金。 /直译法

广告 (Advertisement)

广告是一种最常用的应用文，主要由标题和正文两部分组成。标题说明广告对象，正文是主体，主要提供信息。

• 女士们、先生们、朋友们！

• Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,

• 2800多年前在神圣的奥林匹亚兴起的奥林匹克运动，是古代希腊人奉献给人类的宝贵精神和文化财富。诞生于16年的现•

代奥林匹克运动，继承了古代奥林匹克传统，发展成为当今世界参与最广泛、影响最深远的文化体育活动。

The Olympic Movement, which started over 2,800 years ago in the sacred Olympia, is a valuable spiritual and cultural asset offered to humanity by the people of ancient Greece. The modern Olympic Movement, born in 16, has built on the ancient Olympic heritage and grown into a cultural and sporting event with the broadest participation and greatest impact in today's world.

育运动蓬勃发展。 At successive Olympic Games over the years, athletes from across the world, committed to the motto of \"Citius - Altius - Fortius\leading to the rapid development of athletic sports.

奥运会是体育竞赛的盛会，更是文化交流的平台。国际奥林匹克运动把不同国度、不同民族、不同文化的人们聚集在一起，增进了世界各国人民的相互了解和友谊，为推进人类和平与发展的崇高事业作出了重大贡献。

of different countries, ethnic groups and cultural backgrounds, the Olympic Movement has helped enhance mutual understanding and friendship among all peoples and made significant contribution to the noble cause of peace and development.

• 在历届奥运会上，各国运动员秉承更快、更高、更强的宗旨，顽强拼搏，追求卓越，创造了一个又一个佳绩，推动了世界体

•

• The Olympic Games is a great sporting event and it also offers a platform for cultural exchanges. By bringing together people

• 当今世界既面临着前所未有的发展机遇，也面临着前所未有的严峻挑战。世界从来没有像今天这样需要相互理解、相互包容、

相互合作。北京奥运会不仅是中国的机会，也是世界的机会。

• Today, the international community faces both development opportunities and grave challenges unprecedented in history.

There has never been a greater need for us to understand, accommodate and cooperate with each other. The Beijing Olympic

Games is an opportunity not only for China but also for the whole world.

• 女士们、先生们、朋友们！

• Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,

• 举办奥运会，是中华民族的百年期盼，是全体中华儿女的共同心愿。

• To host the Olympic Games is a century-old dream of the Chinese nation and the shared aspiration of all the Chinese people.

• 2001年北京申奥成功以来，中国和人民认真履行对国际社会的郑重承诺，坚持绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运理念，全

力做好各项筹办工作。我相信，在国际奥委会和国际奥林匹克大家庭支持下，我们一定能够共同把北京奥运会办成一届有特色、高水平的奥运会。

• Since Beijing won the bid in 2001, the Chinese government and people have been working earnestly to honor the solemn

commitment we have made to the international community. Guided by the concept of \"green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympicshe IOC and the Olympic Family, and together with you, we will deliver a high-standard Olympic Games with distinctive features.

• 现在，我提议：为国际奥林匹克运动蓬勃发展，为世界各国人民团结和友谊不断加强，为各位嘉宾和家人身体健康，干杯！ • I now propose a toast, To the strong growth of the Olympic Movement, To greater solidarity and friendship among people

from all over the world, and To the health of all the distinguished guests and your families. Cheers!

请柬 (Invitation Card)

• 请柬（帖），就是邀请客人时送去的通知。其主要的部分是时间、地点和目的。正式请柬（帖）和复函，格式比较严格，每

项内容占一行：邀请者、被邀请者、内容、时间和地点。主词用第三人称。有时左下角常有―R. S. V. P.‖、―Regrets only‖或―To remind‖等字样。R. S. V. P. 是法语―Repondez s‘il vous plait‖的缩写形式，等于英语的―Reply，if you please表示‖是否出席，敬请回复‖。接到这种请柬（帖）的人，不答复是很失礼的。―Regrets only‖则是―不能出席者请赐告‖之意。应邀者可以作复，也可不作复。

―To remind‖则是主人和客人事先约好，请柬（帖）只是备忘而已。另外请柬（帖）上也可能有下列的附注，如―Formal（穿着正式服装）‖，―informal（不必穿正式服装）‖，―Casual（服装可以尽情轻便）‖；―B. Y. O. F.（Bring your own food）‖，各人自带食物，是一种熟朋友或同事间的―potluck（餐会）‖。―B. Y. O. B.（Bring your own bottle）‖自备饮料。

• 翻译时应按汉语请柬（帖）的格式规范作相应调整，不应局限于原文的格式。

贺卡(信)

（Greeting Card and Letter）

贺卡（信）在人们社交生活中扮演着很重要的角色。无论是节庆，还是平日晋升、受奖、毕业、升学、当选、开张、结婚、生日、事业成功等，人们总找理由，买精美的卡片，写上漂亮的话语，寄给亲友，表示祝贺，以便交流思想，联络情感，表达友情。

实用词语翻译 • 防静电

• anti-static electricity

• Postdoctoral Work Station • 博士后工作站 • 武术

• martial arts

• Nine Dragon Screen • 九龙壁

• Ethnic minority • 少数民族 • Hohhot • 呼和浩特 • Erdos • 鄂尔多斯

• Infrastructure • 基础设施

实用词语翻译 • Shoulder to shoulder • 肩并肩

• • • • • • • • • • •

博爱 universal love

The whole world as one community. 或The world belongs to the public. 天下为公。 三民主义

Three Principles of the People 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 总在你身边

Always by your side

科技文体的翻译

Translation of English for Science & Technology 科技奇闻

(1) In photography‘s pioneer days, sitting for a portrait called for extreme patience. Making a daguerreotype in 1837 required a

fifteen-minute exposure. The subject‘s head was put in a clamp to hold it still.

早期摄影阶段，拍摄肖像照片需要很大耐心。1837年拍摄一张银版照片，需要曝光15分钟。被摄对象的脑袋需要被夹子固

定住来保持稳定。

（2）The shoe string was invented in England in 1790. Prior to this time all shoes were fastened with buckles. 鞋带于1790年发明。此前所有的鞋是用扣子紧扣。

（3）The average lead pencil will draw a line 35 miles long or write approximately 50,000 English words. 铅笔平均能画一条长35英里的线，或写约50,000英文单词。

（4）Take fifteen books and number them ―1‖ to ―15‖. If you tried to line them up in all possible arrangements, and if you made a

change a minute, it would take you 2,487,996 years to do it.

取15本书，把书标上―1‖到―15‖号。如按所有可能的方式排列这些书，而且每排列一次一变，你就得花费2,487,996 年才

能排完。

（5）A ball of glass will bounce higher than a ball made of rubber. A ball of solid steel will bounce higher than one made entirely

of glass.

一个玻璃球比一个橡胶球弹得更高。一个实心钢弹球比一个完全用玻璃制成球弹得更高。

（6）When glass breaks the cracks move faster than 3,000 miles per hour. To photograph the event a camera must shoot at a

millionth of a second.

玻璃破裂的速度超过每小时3,000英里。要拍下玻璃破裂的过程，照相机必须以百万分之一秒的速度拍摄。

（7）Because radio waves travel at 186,000 miles per second and sound waves saunter along at 700 miles per hour, a broadcast

voice can be heard sooner 13,000 miles away than it can be heard at the back of the room in which it originated.

因为电波以每秒186000英里的速度传播,而声波以每小时700英里的速度缓慢传播,所以在130000英里外的地方,比起在身

后的房间里发出的声音,广播声能更快地听见。

（8）It took five months to get word back to Queen Isabella about the voyage of Columbus, two weeks for Europe to hear about

Lincoln‘s assassination, and only 1.3 seconds to get the word from Neil Armstrong that man can walk on the moon.

•

哥伦布航行的消息过了5个月才传到伊莎贝拉女王那儿；林肯被刺杀的消息两个星期后才传到欧洲；可人们只过了1.3秒就的到了尼尔·阿姆斯特朗说人类可以在月球上行走的消息。

（9）The average person‘s hand flexes its joints 25 million times during a lifetime. 人的一生中手指关节平均要弯曲2,500万次。

（10）To keep your feet warm, put on a hat. Eighty percent of all body heat escapes through the head. 要想保持双脚暖和，可以戴上帽子。人体80%的热是经由头部散失的。

• •

Mekong region、Myanmar / Burma、NASA =National Aeronautics and Space Administration 、FAD =Food and Drug Administration、Formula 1 Grand Prix、Billiards、Snooker、Industrial fair、Canton fair、the talent scout、Water Splashing Festival、Dragon Boat Festival、Dai ethnic minority、56 ethnic groups

湄公河地区、缅甸、美国国家航空航天局、美国食品与药品管理局、一级方程式大奖赛、台球、克、工业博览会、广交会、伯乐，星探、泼水节、端午节、傣族、56各民族

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

钟鼓楼、让位于

节能减排、小排量汽车 实弹演习

级会议、自由贸易区、欧元区、微量元素 酸奶、月嫂

梦想成真的地方

高尔夫球场、足球场、篮球场、网球场、排球场、车展 德国总理、中国总理、日本首相 Bell and Drum Tower、Make way to

save energy and reduce carbon emissions、a low-emission car Live fire drills

The ministerial meeting、Free trade regions、Eurozone、Trace elements Yoghurt、maternity caretakers a place where a dream comes true

a golf course、a football field 、a basketball court、a tennis court、a volleyball court、auto show German chancellor、Chinese premier、Japanese prime minister

法律文体的翻译

Translation of English for Legal Instruments

一、定义 (Definition of legal instrument)

Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document.

法律翻译分类

基本原则 (Basic principles)

• 1. 公正性（impartiality） • 2. 准确性( veracity)

• 3. 合适性(appropriateness) • 4. 简洁精练(conciseness)

惯用副词 （adverbs）

• hereafter = after this time; 今后

• hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此 • herein = in this; 此中，于此

• hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文 • thereafter = afterwards; 此后，后来 • thereby = by that means;

因此；由此；在那方面

• therein = from that; 在那里；在那点上

• thereinafter = later in the same contract;

以下；在下文

• whereby = by what; by which; 由是；凭那个 • wherein = in what; in which;

在哪里；在哪点上 词语多并列 (parallel words)

• under or in accordance with • signed and delivered • in whole or in part

• within EU or elsewhere

• by the government or by any government

• •

• Chapter 3 Foreign Exchange Administration under Capital Account 资本项目外汇管理

• Chapter 4 Administration of the Foreign Exchange Business of Financial Institution金融机构外汇业务管理 • Chapter 5 Administration of RMB Exchange Rate and Foreign Exchange Market 人民币汇率和外汇市场 • Chapter 6 Supervision and Administration监督管理 • Chapter 7 Legal Responsibility 法律责任 • Chapter 8 Supplementary Provisions 附则

法律术语

中华人民共和国外汇管理条例

Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration

Chapter 1 General Provisions 总则

Chapter 2Foreign Exchange Administration under the Current Account 经常项目外汇管理

• 第四十七条 Article 47

• 国际收支平衡the balance of international payments

• 经常项目外汇收入\\支出the foreign exchange incomes\\expenditure • 境外机构overseas institution • 境内个人domestic individual • 资本项目capital account

• 徇私舞弊、滥用职权、玩忽职守practice favoritism and engage in irregularities, abuse his power, neglect his duties

例: When an Employer hires an Employee, it shall truthfully inform him as to the content of the work, the working conditions, the

place of work, occupational hazards, production safety conditions, labor compensation and other matters which the Employee requests to be informed about.

•

译文： 用人单位招用劳动者时, 应当如实告知劳动者工作内容、工作条件、工作地点、职业危害、安全生产状况、劳动报酬,以及劳动者要求了解的其他情况。(《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》) 3. 句子冗长, 晦涩难懂

法律文书的另外一个显著的特点是: 各种修饰语层层叠加, 位置灵活, 长句居多。从句式使用上来看, 大都采用陈述句, 很

少使用疑问句, 祈使句和感叹句。完整的长句的使用可以准确界定这种权利和义务关系, 排除被曲解或误解的可能性。这些长句往往含有许多分句或定语、状语等附加成分的简单句或复合句。这些定语对各词性术语的内涵和外延进行精确地界定, 而状语界定了履行权利和义务的条件、方式、地点和时间等。

• • •

法律英文给人的感觉是含糊不清、晦涩难懂、不知所云。从句子的结构来看, 担任句子的主语、宾语的名词或是状语成分之内的名词都可能带有很长而复杂的修饰语。如果将一般法律文书作适当的切分, 我们很容易发现法律语言大都是由众多的名词词组按照各种关系组合起来的。另外, 法律文书为了语意的准确, 常常违背常规地安排修饰语的位置。 以保险单为例:

If UPON THE DEATH OF THE LIFE INSURED

There shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to

give a valid receipt for the sum payable such sum may in the discretion of the Commit tee of Management be paid to one or more of the next- of- kin of the Life Insured whose receipt shall effectually discharge the Society from all liability under this policy.

• 首先, 在to give a valid receipt for the sum payable 之后作一切分, 找出主干。不难发现这是一个条件状语从句, 共有两个条

件, 一是if the Life Insured is dead; 二是if there shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to give a valid receipt for sum payable. 主句为such sum( money ) may be paid to one or more of the next-kin of the Life Insured, Life Insured之后又有一个定语从句。

•

译文: 投保人去世时, 如无适当委任之人代表或指定人或代理人能够愿意为取得应付款额出示有效收据, 此笔款额可由管理委员会酌情付于投保人之最近亲属; 一旦该最近亲属接受付款后保险公司即不负有本保险单规定之责任。 4. 法律文体中情态动词的运用特征

法律法规是对绝大多数人的利益的维护,是立法者意志的体现,是对人们行为的规范,带有一定的权威性和强制性。因此,

法律文体中经常使用情态动词may或 shall来表达―可以‖、―应该‖、―必需‖等概念。

例1:A joint venture shall observe the laws and regulations of the People‘s Republic of China in all its activities. 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法规的规定。(《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》)

例2:A party may only assign its share in the registered capital with the agreement of the other parties to the venture.合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。(《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》)

• 禁止抢采掠青、毁坏母树。

• 译文：Plundering of unripe seeds and doing damage to other trees are prohibited. 1.四个必要词：¡°为了¡±、¡°根 据¡±、¡°结合¡±、¡°制定¡±。

• 第一条 为加强市容和环境卫生管理，创造和维护整洁、优美的市容环境，保障人民身体健康，促进经济发展和社会文明进步，

根据有关法律、法规，结合本市实际情况，制定本条例。

• 译文：Article 1 These Regulations are enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people‗s health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society.

1. 一般情况下，翻译罚则只要在规定前边加一个“不”字即可。

• 违反前款第〈一〉项规定的, 责令即时清除, 并处五十元以上一百元以下罚款……

• 译文：Anyone that violates paragraph (1) of the preceding article shall be ordered to (责令)clean the litter immediately and

shall be imposed a fine（处以罚款） of not less than RMB 50 yuan but not more than RMB 100 yuan; … 首先要说本条例从何时起生效，有的时候还要说明以前制定的某某条例同时废止。

• 第五十九条 本条例自公布之日起施行。1998年2月25目天津市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第四十次会议通过的《天津

市环境卫生管理条例》同时废止。

• 译文：Article 59 These Regulations shall become effective as from the date of promulgation. The Regulations of Tianjin Municipality on Environmental Sanitation that was adopted at the 40th Session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth Tianjin Municipal People‗s Congress on February 25， 1998 shall be abrogated simultaneously.

法律英语如何翻译要点

•

最早对法律文书进行研究的英国律师George Coode曾提出法律中典型的条件句所具有的四种成分, 即情形、条件、法律主体和法律行为 (case, condition, legal subject, legal action) , 前两个成分为事实情况 (fact situation) , 后两种成分为法律陈述 (statement )。

关于译文表达

• 例一：李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。

• 译文：Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China.

• 正译：Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law during his residence in China.

•

• 译文：This letter of Guarantee will come into force from this day and will lose its effect when your company has received all the •

usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed by our Bank.

正译：This letter of Guarantee shall come into force on its issuing draft and remain valid until you have received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed.

Some Legal Terms

案件 case

关于译文表达

例二：本保证书自即日起生效。有效期将于贵恭喜收到全部已经买方承兑和我行背书保证的远期汇票之日终止。

•

• 案件受理费 litigation fee • 案由 nature of case • 颁布 issue

• 办案 handle a case • 办理 deal with

• 包庇罪 crime of concealing the murder

• 保税区 bonded area

• 保险法 insurance law

• 保险凭证 insurance certificate

Some Legal Terms

• 保证人，担保人 guarantor • 保证条款 warranty

• 被裁定为 be adjudged to be

• 被告人辨解 statement of the defendant • 不履行合同 breach of contract • 不履行合约 repudiation of the contract

• 不名誉的行为及手法 dishonorable conduct and practices • 不能成立 unable to establish • 不予支持 unassisted

• 不作为 omission

• 财产分割 properties division • 财产所有权 property right

• 产权关系 property relations • 产权制度 property order

• 撤消并发回给 reversed and remanded to the original court • 陈述 state

• 承担责任 to be responsible for • 串通 collaborate

Some Legal Terms

• •

• 从轻原则 the principle of lighter punishment • 从重处罚 severe punishment

• 打假 crack down on counterfeit goods • 当事人 litigant

• 当事人起诉要求 the litigants sue for • 得到证实 to be believed • 地役权 easement

• 第三者 the third party • 第一审判庭 first tribunal • 调查 investigation • 调查报告 investigation

• 调查取证 investigate and collect evidence • 调节流动性 influence liquidity level • 解书 mediation agreement

• 调解和强制措施 mediation and enforcement measure • 调解书 mediation agreement • 定案结论 verdict

• 订货合同卡片 a card of contract

Some Legal Terms

从宽处理 lenient punishment, liberal punishment 从轻处罚 lighter punishment

• 驳回 dismiss；reject

• 驳回上诉 reject an appeal

• 补偿报酬 compensatory payment • 承担 assume

• 处罚 penalty • 触犯 violate

• 传销 pyramid selling

实用词语翻译 • 不到长城非好汉。 • He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man. • We are not heroes unless we reach the Great Wall. • A man who has not climbed the Great Wall is not a true man. • Hang Seng Index • 恒生指数 • Nasdaq index • 纳斯达克指数 • S&P =Standard & Poor‘s index • 标准普尔指数 • Nikkei average • 日经指数 • Straits Times index • 海峡时报指数 • The Financial Times share index • 金融时报股票指数 • 稀土 • rare earth

• ECOWAS =Economic Community of West African States • 西非国家经济共同体

• • • • • • • • • •

非物质文化遗产

intangible cultural heritage The Butterfly Lovers 《梁山伯与祝英台》 Voice actors 配音演员 Dub 配音

Connect the past and future / form a connecting link between the preceding and the following 承上启下 食堂 • cafeteria

• PetroChina 中国石油 • Sinopec 中国石化 • Honda • 本田 • Toyota • 丰田 • Porsche • 保时捷 • BMW

• 全称为巴伐利亚机械制造厂股份公司（德文：Bayerische Motoren Werke AG） • Mercedes-Benz • 梅赛德斯-奔驰 • 大众

• Volkswagen

论述文体的翻译

论述文体的特点有：

• 一）用词比较端重、典雅、规范、严谨； 论述文体的汉译要点有：

Translation of English for Expositional Texts

• 二）论述文句子结构比较复杂，句型变化及扩展样式较多。

• 一）透彻理解原文，首先是准确掌握词义；

• 二）论述文重逻辑论证，因此翻译这类文章首先必须反复通读原文全文，抓住文章的中心思想，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇

布局的脉络；进而弄清作者的每一个论点和每一个论证环节，即作者逻辑推论的层次，只有捋清作者逻辑思维层次，才能比较清楚地理解作者为何采取这样的句型和章法来体现自己的思想；

• 三）注意汉语论述文用词倾向和体式。翻译英语论述文时应注意译文与原文用词倾向、风格和体式大体吻合，做到量体裁衣。

• 论述文体，特别是政论文体的汉译英，必须在深刻理解原文含义的基础上，用恰当的译语进行准确表述。准确表述并非拘泥

于字面含义，因为英汉两种文化的习惯各异，语言受文化影响，往往不可直译，在许多情况下，必须采用恰当的翻译技巧，如省译、增译、阐释等，行灵活处理，以便读者对源语的信息有准确。

• 汉英翻译中，正确理解源语的基础上省译含义―虚化‖的词语 • 在过去20年里，中国的司法保障工作取得了长足的进展。

• In the past 20 years, China has made considerable progress in the work of building a judicial guarantee for human beings. • ―工作‖为虚化词语，可以省略不译。

• 类似的虚化词有：水平；方面；条件；问题；建设等。

• 妇女就业人数不断增加，行业分布趋于合理。

• The number of employed women has continuously grown, and the distribution of industries has become rational. • ―行业分布‖是承上指―妇女就业的领域‖若按字面去译，则前句意义割裂，造成误解。

• 可改译为：The number of employed women has continuously grown, and their work involvement has become rational. • 质量、标准化、计量建设和天气预报等项服务进一步加强。

• Quality, standardization, measurement construction and weather forecasting and other services have been strengthened. • ―建设‖

• 改译为：Further improvement was made in the technical services such as quality, standardization, measurement inspection and

•

• 此处的―全社会‖应理解为―全部 ‖―整个国家‖。不可按字面译为the whole society。

• 此外，―社会集团购买力‖、―社会青年‖、 ―社会工作‖、―社会名流‖、―社会治安‖、―社会办学‖等词语中的―社会‖二字，其深•

层含义与英语中的social或society不相对应。因此，必须灵活处理。

上述词语可分别译为：group purchasing power; unemployed youth; community work; noted public figures; public order; no-government schools

weather forecasting

全社会固定资产投资完成32619亿元，比上年增长9.3%。

• 全社会固定资产投资完成32619亿元，比上年增长9.3%。

• Total fixed asset investment reached 3.2619 trillion, an increase of 9.3% over the previous year. • 高技术产业发展迅速，成为新的增长点。

• ―增长点‖是目前中国经济领域频繁使用的词语，大多数情况下，不可信手译为growth point,应结合句子灵活理解为―高技术产•

• 东部地区学校对口支援西部贫困地区学校工程。

• ―对口‖一词是近年来汉语中出现的新词。其含义是：在企事业单位之间开展一对一的协作援助活动。在一定的上下文中，不

一定非要按字面译为unit-to-unit aid

业领域‖。

全句译为：High-tech industries, a new growth area in our economy, have developed rapidly.

• ―对口‖二字应省译，正确译文如下：Project for Schools in the Eastern Regions to Aid Poverty-Stricken Areas in the West

• 银行应保障有市场、有效益企业的生产流动资金的需要。

• ―有市场‖应理解为：企业的产品有市场，销得出去；企业有效益和其产品有市场是密切相关的，有因果关系。 有市场才能有

效益。英语是一种注重形合，注重逻辑关系的语言，因此，翻译时不可照原文将―有市场‖、 ―有效益‖译为并列关系。在此正确理解的基础上，可以翻译如下：The banks should ensure enough working capital to those profit-making enterprises with marketable products.

调整主谓搭配

• 中国的农业结构调整迈出了新步伐。

• 汉语中的有灵动词和无灵动词常可换用，而英语中这两类动词对主语有较严格的要求。汉语中可以说：农业迈出新步伐，英

语中就不可说The agriculture has marched a new step.

• 可译为: Fresh progress was registered in agricultural restructuring in China. • 重要农作物生产开始向优势产区集中。

要将此句译好，也涉及到主谓搭配问题。

• 应按英语的习惯改换主语：We began to concentrate production of major corps in the areas with best conditions.

• 煤炭、冶金、石油、化工、机械、建材、制糖等行业淘汰落后生产能力，加快产品结构调整也取得积极进展。 • 如果按原文的主语+谓语翻译时，译文中的主谓搭配出现矛盾时，往往可以考虑用被动语态

• Progress was also made in efforts to eliminate outmoded production capacity and accelerate adjustments in the pattern of

production of the coal, metallurgical, petroleum, chemical, machine building, building materials and sugar refining industries.

• 按逻辑关系调整译文

• 我们应坚持―一要吃饭，二要建设‖的原则，把人民生活放在优先地位。

• 英语是比较重视思维逻辑的语言。在进行汉译英时，对句中各成分间进行适当逻辑分析往往是必要的。

• ―把人民生活放在优先地位‖是出发点，―一要吃饭，二要建设‖是根据此出发点而实施的方针，是第二位的。译文应据此进行

灵活安排We must put people‘s welfare first, following the principle of ―food first, development second.‖

• 粮食产量大幅度减产，品种结构进一步优化。

• 汉语这一以―意合‖为明显特征的语言。句子中往往缺乏连接词语，其间的逻辑关系全凭读者或听话人去辨别。但译成英语时，

应增加必要的关联词语，以适应英语―形合‖的要求。

• 前后两句存在对照关系，故可译为The output of grain decreased by a large margin while the product mix was further

optimized.

省译原文中重复的词语

• 以民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督为基本内容的农村基层民主政治建设，全面推进，稳步发展。

• 汉语一般不反对必要的重复，而英语往往要避免重复。上句中并列词组中的四个―民主‖译成英语只用一个就可以了:

• Building democratic polices at the grass-roots level in rural areas with democratic election, decision-making, administration •

• 改革开放以来，经济文化迅猛发展，出现了许多具有中国特色的新词语。 如―小康生活‖(a well-to-do life/a relatively

comfortable life)，―豆腐渣‖工程(jerry-built projects) ，―练摊‖(to be a vendor)，―使中国经济与国际接轨‖(to bring China‘s economy more in line with international practice)，―拳 头 产 品‖ (competitive products/ knock-out products/ blockbusters/ core products)等。

and supervision as the basic contents has been promoted in all-round way, and developed steadily.

翻译必须顾及所涉及的两种文化间的差异，根据文化差异对汉语中的新词语，采用意译法，以显其内在含义。

• 一些词语可以直译，但有些词语由于采用了中国特有的比喻，照字面译会影响读者的理解时，就应避开原文浓厚的文化色彩，

译出本义。

• 国内成品油价格与国际市场价格逐步接轨。

• Domestic prices for refined petroleum products have been gradually brought in line with those in the international market. • 稳步推进国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障向失业保险并轨。

• We will gradually replace the basic living allowances for workers laid off from stat-owned enterprises with unemployment

insurance.

• 加强社会主义精神文明建设，弘扬民族优秀文化。

• We will step up efforts to develop socialist culture and ethnics and promote the fine culture of our nation. • 保持投资对经济增长的拉动力。

• We must ensure that the strength of investment is adequate to fuel the economic growth. • 坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针。

• We must adhere to the principle of doing two jobs at once and attaching equal importance to each. • 把依法治国和以德治国结合起来。

• We need to administer the country in accordance with moral principles as well as the law. • 坚持不解地开展―扫黄打非‖斗争。

• We need to persist in the fight against pornography and other illegal products. • 翻译要到交流的目的，就必须采用增译法，以便读者理解 • 安居工程 housing project for low-income residents

• 抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over the small ones • 人员分流reposition of redundant personnel

要彻底改变中国的面貌和改善中国人民的生活，需要继续持之以恒地艰苦奋斗。中国将在未来１５年集中力量全面建设

惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会

Therefore it requires sustained and unremitting efforts to transform the country and make life better for its people. In the

next 15 years, we will strive to make new progress in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way that will benefit China's one billion and more population.

具体来说，就是要使中国国内生产总值到2020年达到40000亿美元左右，人均达到3000美元左右，使经济更加发展、民主更

加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。

We aim to raise China's GDP to $4 trillion by 2020, averaging $3,000 per person. By then, China's economy will be better

developed and its democracy will be further enhanced. More progress will be made in science and education. Its culture will be further enriched, the society will become more harmonious and the people will lead a better life.

致力于走科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路，推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设协调发展，努力实现生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展格局。

We will pursue a new path to industrialization featuring high technology, good economic returns, low resource-consumption, low environment pollution and full use of human resources. We will bring about coordinated economic, political, cultural and social development. And we will endeavor to ensure sustainable development by boosting production, improving people's life and protecting the environment.

• 科学发展的理念，是在总结中国现代化建设经验、顺应时代潮流的基础上提出来的，也是在继承中华民族优秀文化传统的基

础上提出来的。

• This concept of scientific development is based on the experience China has gained in its modernization drive and put forth in

response to the trends of the times. It is also rooted in the cultural heritages of the Chinese nation. 实用词语翻译 • 作为导演我愿意拍这部戏。

• • • • • • • • • • •

•

I as a director would like to direct the play. 作为演员我愿意拍这部戏。

I as an actor /actress would like to play a role / part in the play. PBOC=People‘s Bank of China 中国人民银行

ICBC=Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 中国工商银行

Standard Chartered Bank 渣打银行 Citibank 花旗银行 长江三角洲

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

The Yangtze River Delta 珠江三角洲

The Pearl River Delta Internship 实习 Logistics 物流

多边会谈

multi-lateral talk 双边会谈 bilateral talk 六方会谈 Six-party talk 临时

interim government 假想敌

imaginary target 全面战争 full-scale war

征收临时反倾销税

the imposition of a provisional anti-dumping duty The process of weathering 风化过程 Sandstone 砂岩

民间借贷

private lending Maritime affairs 海事

实用词语翻译 • 西气东输

• transmit the natural gas from the western areas to East China； • West-East natural gas transmission project • 十二五·规划

• The \"Twelfth Five-Year Plan\" • 渔政船

• fishery administration ship • 海监船

• maritime surveillance ship • 市场定位

• market orientation; market position(ing) • 三农问题

• issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers • 全民健身运动

• National Fitness Program • single-parent families • 单亲家庭 • ad hoc

• 特别的、特定的 • Kyodo News Service • 日本共同社

• cost-consciousness • 成本意识

• ecological deterioration

• • • • •

生态恶化

land desertification 土地沙漠化 shelter belt 防护林

short-term interests 眼前利益

environment awareness 环境意识

blue and white porcelain 青花瓷

FIFA

国际足球联合会 costume drama 古装剧

illegal pyramid selling

• • • • • • • • • • • •

非法传销

实用词语翻译 • SUV

• 全称是Sport Utility Vehicle，运动型多用途车，越野车 • RV

• 全称是Recreation Vehicle，休闲车 • MPV

• 全称是Multi－Purpose Vehicle，多用途车。 • Ferrari • 法拉利 • 四环路

• the Fourth Ring Road • 二环路

• the Second Ring Road • 高架桥 • viaduct • 高架路

• elevated road /elevated highway

• Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) • 战略和经济对话 • 高铁

• high speed rail • 动车

• Bullet Train • 动车组

• MU(Multiple Units) • 动车组列车

• multiple unit train • 内燃动车组

• DMU (Diesel Multiple Units) • 城际铁路

• inter-city rail

译者的风格 戴乃迭 杨宪益

阿Q逞强（《阿Q正传》节选）

阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：¡°这毛虫！¡± ¡°癞皮狗，你骂谁？¡±王胡轻蔑的抬起眼来说。

阿Q近来虽然比较的受人尊敬，自己也更高傲些，但和那些打掼的闲人们见面还胆怯，独有这回却非常武勇了。这样满脸胡子的东西，谁敢出言无状么？

¡°谁认便骂谁！¡±他站起来，两手叉在腰间说。 ¡°你的骨头痒了么？¡±王胡也站起来，披上衣服说。

阿Q以为他要逃了，抢进去就是一拳。这拳头还未达到身上，已经被他抓住了，只一拉，阿Q跄跄踉踉地跌进去，立刻又被王胡扭住了辫子，要拉到墙上照例去碰头。 ¡°¡®君子动口不动手¡¯！¡±阿Q歪着头说。

王胡似乎不是君子，并不理会，一连给他碰了五下，又用力的一推，至于阿Q跌出六尺多远，这才满足地走了。 1 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说： ¡°这毛虫！¡±

1Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”

1Ah Q flung his garment on the ground and after expectorating shouted:“Worm!”

2 \"癞皮狗，你骂谁？\"

2 “Mangy dog, who are you calling names?” 2 “Mangy-hided dog, whom are you cursing?” 3¡°谁认便骂谁！¡±他站起来，两手叉在腰。

3“If the cap fits wear it,” he retorted, standing up and putting his hands on his hips. 3“The one who answers me is the one to be reviled!”cried Ah Q, with his arms akimbo. 4 ¡°你的骨头痒了么？¡±

4 “Are your bones itching?”

4 “Do your bones ache for a thrashing?” 5 ¡®君子动口不动手¡¯！

5 “A gentleman uses his tongue but not his hands!”

5 “The superior man moves only his mouth and not his hand!” 6 王胡似乎不是君子......

6 Apparently Whiskers Wang was no gentleman......

6 But Wang-hu did not seem to be a superior man and...... 实用词语翻译

• One break（台球Billiards）/ （网球Tennis） • 一杆/一次破发 • 独家新闻

• exclusive news • Biochip • 生物芯片

• Gene mutation • 基因突变 • 政治互信

• politically mutual trust • 国事访问的第三站

• the 3rd lag of one‘s state visit • FTA

• 自由贸易区 • No Fly Zone • 禁飞区

• get a fair shot

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

获得平等的机会 PE

Private Equity corruption (私募股权投资) Smoking gun 确凿证据

Cold shoulder （俗）冷淡，轻视 Live a loose life 过着放荡生活 Free love 乱爱 ICU

重症监护室=Intensive Care Unit 实用词语翻译

• • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

中国特色社会主义

socialism with Chinese characteristics 基础设施建设

infrastructure construction 节能市场机制

energy-saving market mechanism 醉驾

drunk driving 新兴经济

emerging economy 经济增长模式 economic growth mode 国际惯例

international practice clean energy 清洁能源 rule of law 法制

capacity building 能力培养 hit-and-run 肇事逃逸

global climate change 全球气候变化 green house emission 温室排放

peaceful coexistence 和平共处 media publicity 媒体宣传

improve people‘s livelihood 改善人民生活 incentive policy 激励

英汉语言特征对比

Comparisons between English and Chinese Language Features

英汉词汇表达对比

Comparisons in English and Chinese Dictions

英汉句法结构对比

Comparisons in English and Chinese Sentence Structures

实用词语翻译 1. trade deficit 2. continental shelf 3. different schools in literature

4. coastal erosion 5. medical disputes

1. 贸易逆差 2. 架 3. 文学各种流派 4. 沿海地区水土流失 5. 医疗纠纷 6. mental decline 7. cost of inquiry 8. money laundering

9. State of the Union Message 10. shuttle diplomacy

6. 智力衰退 7. 咨询费 8. 洗钱 9. 国情咨文 10.穿梭外交 11. 知识产权 12. 国际货币基金组织

13. 西部大开发 14. 辛亥 15. 丝绸之路 11. intellectual property right 12. International Monetary Fund 13. Development of West Regions

14. the Revolution of 1911 15. the Silk Road 16. 地大物博 17. 科技进步 18. 集装箱港口 19. 市 20. 科学发展观 16. vast size and resources

17. scientific and technological improvement

18. a container port 19. the municipal government 20. scientific outlook on development (二) 讳饰; 转喻; 省略

• A. 讳饰；委婉 Euphemism

•

• euphemism来源于希腊语euphemismos，就是good/pleasant speech（好听的话、优雅的说法之意）。

• 在现实生活中，有一些事物或行为不宜过于直率地表达出来，于是用一种不明说的，能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法，代替

具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法，避开“直言不讳”(call a spade a spade)，采用（beat around the bush）的策略完成交际意图，这就是委婉语。

Euphemisms are mild, agreeable, or roundabout words used in place of coarse, painful, or offensive ones.

委婉语是一种重要修辞手法，普遍存在于各种语言之中。它具有协调人际关系，维持正常交往等重要社会交际功能。

• 由于委婉语会采用一些比较抽象或者是模棱两可的概念，运用比喻或者是褒义等手法，使谈话双方能够间接的谈论不宜直说

的事情，在翻译过程中，要注意把握其交际意图，努力再现说话者的语气。

• 以money为例：In his scale of values he places power and economics at the top of the list. 这里说话人就是用 economics （经济）

来代替 money（金钱），这样可弱化事物，达到语用效果。

• 又如在一个野外旅行的场景当中，女友对男友说 Wait a minute, I want to pick a daisy. 如果你把它翻译成―等一等，我想去摘

一朵菊花‖，那可就要闹笑话了，因为她说的 to pick a daisy 是―方便‖的委婉语，不妨译成―我去去就来‖或其他一些为委婉的表达，而不至于掉入误译的陷阱。

• 1)―你在这里…呆了好久?‖ 成岗不愿对孩子说出那个可怕的 ―关‖字, 改口说成了 ―呆了好久‖。

• ―Hong long have you been staying here?‖ Cheng Gang avoided using that terrible phrase ―locked up.‖ • 2)尤氏道: ―我也暗暗地叫人预备了。—就是那件东西, 不得好木头, 且慢慢地办着罢。‖

• ―I‘ve secretly sent people to get things prepared. But they haven‘t found good wood for that thing yet, so we have to wait.‖ (原

文用 ―那件东西‖ 来暗指 ―棺材‖, 译文用 ‗that thing ―来代替 ―coffin ―, 译文读者是能够理解的。)

• ―死亡‖的说法古今中外不胜枚举，在汉语里，有―崩‖或―驾崩‖、―驾鹤归西‖、―羽化飞天‖、―圆寂‖、―仙逝‖、 ―香消玉殒‖、

―玉碎珠沉‖等。现在，人们常用―长眠了‖、―停止呼吸‖等一些委婉的表达方式。英语中死亡的委婉说法有数百种之多：to pass away (离开)，to go to sleep (长眠)，to go to heaven (上西天) ，to be no more (不在了)，to join the majority (加入了大多数)，to go to glory expire (去了光荣的国度) ，corpse (跨了)，depart(离开), kick the bucket(蹬腿), breathe one‘s last(停止了呼吸)

等等。

• 社会职业。西方社会职业的高低、贵贱十分明显，一些社会地位低下的人对自己职业的卑微很敏感，出于虚荣心，希望自己

的职业能有一个好听的名称。

• 秘书——administrative assistant（行政助理） • 保姆maid——domestic-help（内务助手） • 老人 —— senior citizen （年长公民）

• 清洁工——sanitary engineer（卫生工程师）

• 失业out of job——between jobs，to be developing a new project，to be self-employed，相当于汉语的―待业‖，―找工作当中‖。 • 屠夫butcher——meat technologist (肉类技术专家)，

• 贫民窟——substandard housing(不标准的住宅)或special area (特殊区)

这些职业的委婉说法很大程度上是出于礼貌，并且与社会的发展进步是分不开的。

• 此外，一些禁忌话语也会被委婉的说法取代，例如如果说到某位女士已pregnant(怀有身孕) ，听者就会联想到―挺得高高的肚

子‖。若说她是eating for two(吃双份饭) 的人，就能淡化―挺着大肚子‖概念。用expecting或in the family way也可表达同样的意思。

• 在商业、广告方面，现今人们为了使自己的行业赢得他人的喜欢，有些关于行业的委婉用词越来越广泛。如industry这个词

最初只限于使用机器制造成品的企业，如今几乎一切能够产生利润的部门，都可用这一词。

• 如extractive industry（业） • women‗s beauty industry（美容业） • tourist industry（旅游业）

• 商店里的鸡蛋，不应再分大蛋，小蛋，而被称为large，medium，standard。 • 在广告方面，旧汽车不再叫old car或

second-hand，而叫做pre-owned car尽管新的说法并不能改变现实，但这些说法使听者得到了一种精神上的安慰。 意义

• 熟悉和掌握英语中的委婉表达，在译入的时候 • 一方面可以尽量避免误译，

• 另一方面则可丰富表达形式，体现出原文的文体特征，甚至是为译文增添色彩。 • B. 转喻;借代 Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.

• 借代反映了两个密切相关的事物的现实关系，它是借用伴随或附属于某一事物的名称来代替某事物。它常利用人名、动植物

名、职业、建筑物或地名等作为喻体，如用White House (白宫) 指代美国，用dove (鸽子) 象征和平等。

• The kettle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。 • 这是用容器代替被盛的东西。

• Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。

• 句中把读书比作吃东西，形象而又不失深刻。 • Every life has its roses and thorns.

人生自有甘苦。

这里的roses (玫瑰花) 和thorns (荆棘) ，喻代生活中的happiness (甜美) 和misery(痛苦)。日常生活中有鲜花也有荆棘，比喻人生充满着酸甜苦辣。

• 1)秃头站在白背心的略略正对面, 弯了腰, 去研究背心上的文字。 Baldy, standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin,

stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.

• 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

• Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖ (不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

• 2)季交恕写好了黎元洪 ―自愿投笔从戎‘ 的半万言书.

• Jiaoshu had finished his five-thousand-word letter addressed to Li Yuanhong to the effect that he wished to ―throw away the

pen and take up the sword in defense of the country.‖

(不必译成 give up intellectual pursuits for a military career.)

• But you have not seen my Corots. They are in the music room. (Oscar Wilde)

可是你还没有看见我收藏的科罗特的风景画，它们挂在我的音乐室里。

科罗特（1796—1875）是法国著名画家，以擅长风景画闻名。句中用科罗特代替他的风景画，类似这种修辞手法还有用人名代替其著作，用处所或容器代替其中的人和物，用标志性或特殊物体指代一个大的整体等等。 • Young men are suggested to read Shakespeare. 年轻人应该去读一读莎士比亚。

这里的Shakespeare 代指的就是the works written by Shakespeare。一谈到要阅读―莎士比亚‖(Shakespeare)，人们脑海中马上联想到莎士比亚写的作品。

• And since Washington‘s budget alchemy permits the current generation to spend whatever it wants on retiree income and

health programs and pass the tab on to their children, who wants to pay more? ——Newsweek , April 13 , 1992

既然美国所耍的预算法术容许这一代在退休金和医疗计划方面随意花钱，而把账单推给他们的孩子来付，那谁还愿意多缴税? （Washington代指美国）

C. 省略; Ellipsis

• In linguistics, ellipsis or elliptical construction refers to the omission from a clause of one or more words that would otherwise be required by the remaining elements.

• 1) ―你姓什么?‖ ― What‘s your surname?‖

• ―陈.‖ (=―我姓陈.‖) ―Chen.‖ (= My surname is Chen.)

• ―你叫什么名字?‖ ―And your name?‖ (= ―And what‘s your name?‖ • ―昌奉.‖ (=―我的名字叫昌奉.) ―Changfeng.‖ (= My name is Changfeng.)

(三) 移就;反语;递降

• A. 移就; Hypallage

transferred epithet

• A figure of speech in which the epithet表示特征的词 is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it

does not really belong.

• 移就是英语中常用的一种修辞格，指的是甲乙两者相关联，把原用来说明甲的修饰语转用来修饰与它根本不同属性的乙，其

特点是不直接说明它所修饰对象的性质、形象或特色，而是与不同属性的词搭配，使其具备一种字面以外的联想意义。

• a sleepless bed • brutal plan

• surprised disapproval

• 例如：The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.

大个子一屁股坐了下来，椅子吱吱嘎嘎地作响，好像是在提似的。

例句中的protesting常用来说明人的行为，现移用来修饰具体事物chair，既生动又幽默，为表达原文的这种让人忍俊不禁的效果，a protesting chair不宜译为―的椅子‖，上面的译文也正是通过意译的方式更明确地传达了原文的内涵意义。

• There was a short, thoughtful silence. Then he said, ―Dad, you have just worked a profound change in my personality.‖ • 电话里出现了短暂的沉默，思考片刻后，他接着说道:―爸爸，您刚才的话使我深受启迪，让我恍然大悟。‖

译文并没有死扣原文，而是将形容词thoughtful转译成动词，顿使译文表达清楚，自然流畅。 1) 位置还原法 例句：When I‘m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mother did.

每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时，或是自叹不走运时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像妈妈当年一样，一个字一个字地吃力地打着。

painful word中显然painful应该是用来修饰人的，所以分析完了后，我们就可以将它还原到该修饰的词语的地方，让译文make sense。

• 2)变换结构

例句：An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you‘ve learnt from it。

失败的代价虽然昂贵，但是只要你能从中吸取教训，它就能化为一笔财富。

对例句应作深层次的分析，expensive failure如何译成汉语？这就需要结构的转换。译文将作定语的expensive转换成谓语，并增添―代价‖二字使非常规的搭配变为常规搭配，再与谓语―昂贵‖构成主述结构，使句子易被读者接受。

• 1)然而悲惨的皱纹, 却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了. Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his

mouth.

• 2)广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火. Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.

• 3) After a happy day, she had a sleepless night.她在度过欢乐的一天之后, 却又熬过一个不眠之夜.

• 4) In the examination, the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher, who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.在考场上,

那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼, 老师显然怀疑到他在作弊.

• 英语移就是一种颇具特色的修辞手法，其有悖逻辑却又合乎逻辑的超常规搭配常给人耳目一新的感觉，言简意丰，生动形象，

因而被广泛应用于各种文体当中。

• 翻译时，要对原文中的移就辞格进行充分的分析，从表层结构的临时修饰看透其深层结构的语义关系和逻辑关系，彻底理解

移就所传达的情感和语义信息，根据不同的语境，运用恰当的翻译策略，将这一生动形象的修辞手段完美地传译出来。

B: 反语 Irony

•

Irony is an implied discrepancy 不一致between what is said and what is meant. The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

当直译不产生误解时，直译。

If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes，don't listen…They're probably trying to trick you into living． (广告语)如果有人苦口婆心地劝你戒烟，不要理他——他们大概是想骗你活得长久些。

The most happy marriage I can picture or imagine to myself would be the union of a deaf man to a blind woman. 我能描绘和想象得出的最美满的婚姻，当是聋男和盲女的结合。

但是，当直译不能传情达意时，应不拘泥于原文字面，采用补偿或变通的译法。

They were，in fact，very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humor when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited． (J．Austen：Pride and Prejudice)

事实上，她们都是非常好的小姐；她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是在要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大。

This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. 这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时。

这里的hard - working 实指lazy , 深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰。

教材：What a noble illustration of the Tender Laws of his favoured country! —They let the paupers go to sleep! 他们竟允许穷人睡觉!这是多么高尚的例证,说明他那行善的国家法律是多么仁慈!

句中作者故意运用了 noble, tender, favoured 这些反语以讽刺那个所谓仁慈的国家法律。 教材

—―The boy has broken another glass,‖ said the mother —―A fine thing!‖ the father replied. —母亲说: ―小家伙又打碎了一个杯子.‖ —父亲回答道 ―好得很!‖

C: 突降; Anticlimax

Anticlimax：The usually sudden transition in writing or speaking from an idea of significance or dignity to an idea trivial or ludicrous by comparison especially at the close of a series, sentence, or passage, as a love of God, justice, and sports cars. 从重要的,崇高的话题突降到不重要，卑微的话题即从一个高潮突然降到低潮给人以轻松、幽默、诙谐的感觉。 The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. 战士的职责就是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。 For God, for America, and for Yale. 为了上帝，为了美国，也为了耶鲁。

He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. 他失去了帝政，失去了家庭，失去了钢笔。 练习

The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 气象员说天气挺暖和。他大概是在洗澡堂里量气温的吧。（反语） 练习

• •

If you choose to waste your time and so risk failing you in exam, that‘s your funeral .

如果你一定要浪费时间，甘冒考试落第之结果，此乃阁下之事矣。（反语）