⊙原文期刊：教科学箴言报⊙原文标题：Are you a critical thinker?本文主要分析了不重视培养批判性思维的现状，属于观点论证型文章，按照“提出观点（第一段）——论证观点（第二至六段）”的脉络展开论述。PART1原文ⅠHow can we hope to thoughtfully address the economic issues,conflicts, world poverty, and many other pressing concerns that trouble ourplanet, if we don't take the way we think seriously? We can't. To effectivelydeal with these issues, we must cultivate the spirit of critical thinkingthroughout human societies. ⅡRight now we are not even teaching the skills and dispositions of thecritical mind in our schools. We are not cultivating the intellect. Everyonethinks; but we don't always think well. In fact, much of our thinking, left toitself, is rough, distorted, partial, uninformed, or prejudiced. Yet the qualityof our life and all of the decisions we make depend precisely on the qualityof our thought. At present, the act of thinking is virtually ignored. ⅢCritical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking that aims totake the reasoning we all do naturally to a higher level. It is the art ofanalyzing and evaluating with the goal of improving thought. When making adecision, it is the difference between weighing information to come to alogical conclusion and making snap judgments without understanding theinformation. ⅣSome people became the greatest thinkers by not acceptinginformation at face value, but by thinking deeply for themselves, askingquestions, and refining their thinking over time. It wasn't easy. Of his ownthinking, Charles Darwin said: “I have as much difficulty as ever inexpressing myself clearly and concisely; and this difficulty has caused me avery great loss of time, but it has had the compensating advantage of forcingme to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus I have been ledto see errors in reasoning and in my own observations or those of others.” ⅤWilliam Graham Sumner, the Yale academic and essayist may have putit best when, in 1906, he said: “The critical habit of thought, if usual insociety, will permeate all its conventions, because it is a way of takingup the problems of life. Men educated in it cannot be rushed by stumporators... They can wait for evidence and weigh evidence, uninfluenced bythe emphasis or confidence with which assertions are made on one side orthe other. They can resist appeals to their dearest prejudices and all kindsof compliments. Education in the critical faculty is the only education ofwhich it can be truly said that it makes good citizens.”ⅥHis warning echoes today. Though there is no quick and easy fix, wecan all start by beginning to think about how we think. We can question ourpurposes, our assumptions, our ideas, and our inferences. We can questionwhether we are considering the views of others to understand them, orto dismiss them. We can open our minds to the larger world with all of itscomplexities. If we are to reverse the downward spiral we are presentlyexperiencing, we must begin to actively and deliberately foster fair-minded critical thinking in our schools, our homes, our social institutions, ingovernment, and indeed, in every part of human life. PART2词汇短语1.address [əˈdres] v. 解决，处理2.pressing [ˈpresɪŋ] a.迫切的3.concern [kənˈsɜ:n] n. 重要的事情或问题4.cultivate [ˈkʌltɪveɪt] v. 培养5.disposition [ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn] n. 素质，性情6.intellect [ˈɪntəlekt] n. 抽象或深刻思维的能力；知识分子，有才智的人7.partial [ˈpɑ:ʃl] a. 片面的8.virtually [ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] ad. 几乎9.weigh [weɪ] v. 认真考虑，权衡10.snap [snæp] a. 仓促的；匆忙的11.refine [rɪˈfaɪn] v. 改进，完善 12.concisely [kən'saɪslɪ] ad. 简练地13.permeate [ˈpɜ:mieɪt] v. 渗透14.convention [kənˈvenʃn] n.风俗习惯15.take up 着手处理16.rush [rʌʃ] v. （使）仓促行事17.appeal [əˈpi:l] n. 打动，启发18.dear [dɪə(r)] a. 深切的19.faculty [ˈfæklti] n. 能力，才能20.echo [ˈekəʊ] v. 产生回响，引起共鸣21.inference [ˈɪnfərəns] n. 推断22.dismiss [dɪsˈmɪs] v. 摒弃23.spiral [ˈspaɪrəl] n. 螺旋型；螺旋式24.foster [ˈfɒstə(r)] v. 培养25.fair-minded a. 公正的26.*stump orator 树桩演说家（指从事竞选等政治活动时站在树墩上或其他临时搭的台子上作公开演说者）（标*的为超纲词）PART3翻译点评Ⅰ①How can we hope to thoughtfully address the economic issues,conflicts, world poverty, and many other pressing concerns that troubleour planet, if we don't take the way we think seriously? ②We can't. ③Toeffectively deal with these issues, we must cultivate the spirit of criticalthinking throughout human societies. 翻译：如果我们不重视思考的方式，又怎能冀望自身审慎地处理经济问题、冲突、世界贫困以及许多其他困扰着这个星球的紧迫问题呢？我们不能。想要有效地解决这些问题，我们必须在整个人类社会中培养批判性思维的精神。点评：本段提出观点：对批判性思维的培养是解决当前种种社会难题的关键。其中关键词有：①deal with these issues（解决难题）；②cultivate the spirit ofcritical thinking（培养批判性思维精神）。衔接手段段首两句一问一答，引出第三句中作者在全文要论证的观点：要解决当前的种种社会难题，我们必须培养批判性思维。段中围绕“解决”“问题”“批判性思维”几个关键点分别使用的词汇有：address，deal with；issues，concerns；thoughtfully，the way we think，the spirit of critical thinking。Ⅱ①Right now we are not even teaching the skillsand dispositions of the critical mind in our schools. ②We are notcultivating the intellect. ③Everyone thinks; but we don't always thinkwell. ④In fact, much of our thinking, left to itself, is rough,distorted, partial, uninformed, or prejudiced. ⑤Yet the quality of ourlife and all of the decisions we make dependprecisely>virtually ignored. 翻译：目前，我们甚至在学校里都不教授批判性思维的技巧和素质。我们不是在培养思考能力。每个人都在思考，但我们并非总是善于思考。事实上，我们大多数的想法，就其本身来说，是粗糙的、扭曲的、片面的、愚昧的、或偏颇的。然而，我们的生活质量和做出的所有决定却恰恰取决于我们思考的品质。现在，思考行为却几乎被忽略了。点评：本段介绍现状“我们在忽视对批判性思维的培养”并说明其造成的后果。其中关键词有：ignored（被忽视）。衔接手段①段首right now对比上文“必须培养批判性思维”的观点，指出现状：甚至学校都不教授批判性思维的技巧和素质，第二句得出结论：我们根本就没在培养（批判性思维）这种才智。not teaching，notcultivating对比上文must cultivate；the intellect是critical thinking，theskills and dispositions of the critical mind的上义词；②第三至五句利用infact... yet的让步——转折的逻辑链条，说明“忽视对批判性思维的培养”的后果：人们不善于思考，其想法质量低下，而思维的品质决定我们生活的品质以及我们所作决定的品质，暗示了培养批判性思维的重要性；③末句at present呼应段首right now，总结全段明确现状：思考行为被忽略。Ⅲ①Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking thataims to take the reasoning we all do naturally to a higher level. ②It isthe art of analyzing and evaluating with the goal of improving thought.③When making a decision, it is the differencebetween weighing information to come to a logical conclusion andmaking snap judgments without understanding the information. 翻译：批判性思维是自我引导、自我约束的一种思考方式，其目的是将我们自然而然进行的推理提升到一个更高的水平。这是一种以改善思维为目的的分析和评估艺术。当人们做出某项决定时，它就是“权衡信息以得出逻辑推论”和“对信息不了解而做出仓促决定”的不同之处。点评：本段作者详细界定批判性思维，并说明其巨大作用。其中关键词有：self-guided, self-disciplined thinking（自我引导、自我约束的思考方式）。衔接手段①段首两句同义表达：self-guided, self-disciplined thinking及the art ofanalyzing and evaluating暗示批判性思维形成的途径：进行思考、对信息进行分析和评价；aims to，with the goal of说明批判性思维的目标：形成高品质的思维（take the reasoning... to a higher level，improving thought），与第二段中“质量低下的想法”相对；②第三句中it代指critical thinking，利用come toa logical conclusion与making snap judgments，以及weighing information与without understanding the information的鲜明对比，凸显批判性思维的巨大作用，呼应第二段五句对批判性思维重要性的暗示。Ⅳ①Some people became the greatest thinkers by not acceptinginformation at face value, but by thinking deeply for themselves, askingquestions, and refining their thinking over time. ②It wasn't easy. ③Ofhis own thinking, Charles Darwin said: “I have as much difficulty asever in expressing myself clearly and concisely; and this difficulty hascaused me a very great loss of time, but it has had the compensatingadvantage of forcing me to think long and intently about everysentence, and thus I have been led to see errors in reasoning and in myown observations or those of others.” 翻译：有些人之所以能够成为最伟大的思想家，就是因为他们不相信信息的表象，而是深入地进行思考、提出问题并日臻完善自身想法。这并不容易。谈及自己的思考方法时，查尔斯·达尔文曾说：“在清晰简练地表达自我方面，我一直都面临着很大的困难；这种困难耗费了我大量的时间，却也具有补偿性的优势，即它（这种困难）迫使我对每一句话都专心地思考很长时间，进而使我发现了自己和他人在推想以及观察中的错误。”点评：本段从个人的角度说明批判性思维的重要作用，以及如何培养批判性思维。其中关键词有：①thinking deeply for themselves（深入地进行思考）；②asking questions(提出问题)；③refining their thinking (完善自身想法)。衔接手段①首句中not accepting information at face value与上文weighinginformation同义复现，实现段间衔接；not... but...并列连词连接的内容揭示出“最伟大的思考家的思考方式”；②第二句it代指伟大思想家的思考方式，即批判性思维，指出其并不容易，为过渡句；③第三句引用达尔文的原话，but之后点明批判性思维的关键：专心地、长时间地进行思考(think long and intently)，并从中发现自己和他人的推理的错误(see errors in...)。Ⅴ①William Graham Sumner, the Yale academic and essayist mayhave put it best when, in 1906, he said: “The critical habit of thought,if usual in society, will permeate all its conventions, because it is a wayof taking up the problems of life. ②Men educated in it cannotbe rushed by stump orators... ③They can wait for evidence and weighevidence, uninfluenced by the emphasis or confidence with whichassertions are made>appeals to their dearest prejudices and all kindsof compliments. ⑤Education in the critical faculty is the>翻译：耶鲁学者兼作家威廉·格雷厄姆·索姆奈在1906年的言论或许最好地阐述了批判性思维：“思考的批判性习惯，如果在社会上司空见惯，就会渗透到所有的风俗习惯中，因为它是着手处理生活问题的一种方式。受到这种熏陶的人不会受树桩演说家的鼓动而仓促行事……他们会静候证据并权衡证据，不会被双方中任何一方做出断言时的强调或信心所干扰。他们能够抵抗内心最深切偏见的扰动和形形色色的恭维。对于批判能力的教育是唯一能够真正称得上‘造就好公民’的教育。”点评：本段从社会的角度指出批判性思维的作用。其中关键词有：①permeateall its conventions（渗透到各风俗习惯中）；②taking up the problems oflife（着手处理生活问题）。衔接手段①引语外的句子主干中的it仍指代criticalthinking；②本段主体为引用的学者威廉·格雷厄姆·索姆奈的话语。引语第一句中critical habit of thought是critical thinking的同义表达，指出若批判性思考方式被社会中普遍采用，则它会渗透到各种风俗习惯中。第二句中it指代criticalthinking，三、四句中的they指代第二句的men educated in it，这三句详细列举批判性思维的社会作用。末句education in the critical faculty是上文cultivatethe spirit of critical thinking，teaching the skills and dispositions of thecritical mind的同义复现，概括指出：培养人们的批判能力是“造就好公民”的唯一（...the>Ⅵ①His warning echoes today. ②Though there is no quick and easyfix, we can all start by beginning to think about how we think. ③We canquestion our purposes, our assumptions, our ideas, and our inferences.④We can question whether we are considering the views of others tounderstand them, or to dismiss them. ⑤We can open our minds to thelarger world with all of its complexities. ⑥If we are to reverse thedownward spiral we are presently experiencing, we must begin toactively and deliberately foster fair-minded critical thinking in ourschools, our homes, our social institutions, in government, and indeed,in every part of human life. 翻译：如今，他的告诫引起了共鸣。虽然没有快速简易的补救方法，但我们可以从考虑如何思考开始。我们可以质疑我们的目的、我们的假定、我们的想法和我们的推论。我们可以怀疑我们考虑别人的观点时，是为了理解这些观点还是为了摒弃它们。我们可以向一个包含各种复杂问题的更为广大的世界敞开我们的思维。如果我们打算逆转现在经历着的螺旋式下跌，就必须开始在我们的学校、我们的家庭、我们的社会机构，在甚至人类生活的各个部分，积极地、有意地培养公正的批判性思维。点评：本段呼吁加强对批判性思维的培养。其中关键词有：①actively anddeliberately（积极地、有意地）；②foster（培养）。衔接手段①段首hiswarning指代上文索姆奈的告诫（要培养人们的批判性思维，以造就好公民），echoes表明这一告诫对目前社会仍具有巨大意义；②第二句think about how wethink和开篇的take the way we think seriously遥相呼应，再次强调应对我们的思考方式加以考虑，以改善“批判性思维被忽略”这一现状；③第三至五句重复第二句的we can，以排比的形式具体指出应如何对我们的思考方式进行考虑：学会质疑（question...）；打开思维（open our mind）；question一词的复现表明“质疑”是形成批判性思维的重要条件；④第六句中foster fair-minded criticalthinking是上文多处表示“培养批判性思维”的表达的复现，概括全文指出：我们必须积极地、有意地培养批判性思维。
