I、在下列每个句子的空白处填上适当的冠词（如果必要的话），然后将句子译成汉语： 1. There has been _____ ever greater interest in this subject.
2. The power rating is the maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate without too great _____ rise in temperature.
3. Its primary disadvantage is _____ increase in noise.
4. _____ successful design of the equipment requires _____ detailed knowledge of the performance specifications.
5. In _____ Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, _____ single electron revolves around _____ single proton in a circle of radius R.
6. The unit of frequency is _____ hertz.
7. If _____ voltage is applied across _____ circuit, _____ electric current will flow in _____ circuit.
8. _____ Fig. 5-1 shows _____ Oersted’s experiment. 9. We should use _____ 18-volt battery here.
10. _____ machine is _____ device for transmitting force to accomplish _____ definite purpose.
11. _____ hydraulic press will be considered in _____ Chapter 14.
12. _____ study of fluids in motion is one of _____ more difficult branches of mechanics because of _____ diversity of phenomena that may occur.
13. It is easy to determine _____ value of _____ parameter μ. 14. By _____ Eq. (2-1) we have _____ following relation. 15. It is necessay to use _____ S-shaped tube here.
16. The authors work at _____ University of Texas at _____ Arlinton. 17. This is _____ R-bit transformer. 18. _____ XOR gate must be used here.
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确地使用冠词： 1、这是一个h参数（parameter）。
2、现在我们转向（turn to）讨论一下局域网（local area networks）。
3、Bainbridge 质谱仪（mass spectrometer）是与光谱仪（optical spectrometer）一样重要的仪器。
4、必需求出为使一个电子通过（travel）这一段导线（length of the wire）需要多长的时间。
5、物质（substance）的密度（density）是其每单位体积的质量（mass）。 6、地球的半径（radius）为6.37×106米。 7、这两个参数（parameter）是相同的。 8、压力的增加总会引起体积的减少。
9、图（2－5）画出了式（2－2）所表示的情况。
10、电感（inductance）的单位是亨利（henry）。
11、输入信号（input signal）太大会引起非线性失真（nonlinear distprtion）。
12、利用斜率（slope）的定义，我们能导出（derive）表示直线（straight line）的方程。 13、f (x＋h)－f(x)这一表达式（expression）经常用在学习微积分（calculus）中。
14、能写成以下形式的方程被称为含有一个未知数（unknown）的线性（linear）方程。 15、在计算机中，趋势是以尽可能高的时钟速率（clock rate）工作（operate）。 16、锡（tin）的熔点（melting point）没有铅（lead）的高。（要求使用“have as … as”句型）
17、这个平均速度（average speed）是末速度（final speed）的一半。 18、电（electricity）可以容易地被转变成其它形式的能量。
19、1831年，美国的约瑟夫·亨利（Joseph Henry）发现了电磁感应（electromagnetic induction）现象。
20、计算机是有几部分组成的。 III、将下列小段内容译成英语：
化学是基于需要测量像长度、体积、质量和温度这样一些量的概念之上的。这些测量是定量的（quantitative）；也就是，它们具有与其相关的（associated with）数字。在这一节，我们将考虑用在定量测量中的一些简单仪器。我们还将考察（look at）用来表示这些被测的量的单位。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】UASMA协议采用了独特的幀结构。
【英语文本】UASMA protocol employs an unique frame structure. 2、【汉语原文】一种双正交循环码M元扩频接收机的性能分析 [这是一篇论文的标题] 【英语文本】Performance analysis of a M-ary spread spectrum receiver using biorthogonal cyclic codes
3、【汉语原文】最后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器。
【英语文本】At last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method. 4、【汉语原文】先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估 [这是一篇论文的标题] 【英语文本】Dynamic analysis and evaluation of security for proactive secret sharing system
5、【汉语原文】利用状态转移图，获得了系统的安全性概率。
【英语文本】With state-transition diagram, security probability of system is obtained. 6、【汉语原文】该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒。
【英语文本】The approach can be applied to one-dimensional potential barrier with arbitrary profile.
7、【汉语原文】我们提出了一种基于牛顿叠代法的数值方法。
【英语文本】We propose a kind of numerical method based on the Newton’s iterative method.
练习2
I、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用并列连接词和从句引导词：
1、普通的变压器（transformer）并不是理想的，所以（therefore）在其中会发生功率损耗（power loss）。
2、这物质能吸引铁质物体（iron object），甚至能使它们磁化（magnetize）。 3、这电路（circuit）由一个电池、一个电感器（inductor）、一个电容器(capacitor)组成。 4、试计算在a，b，c三点处的电场（electric field）。 5、这颗卫星用于美国与英、法、意之间的通讯。
6、物质（matter）是像空气、水或木头那样的东西。 7、假设线圈（coil）中的损耗为零、C = 500微法（μF）、波纹（ripple）为百分之二十。
8、人们发现采用（adopt）这一观点（point of view）更方便：一个运动的电荷（charge）能建立（set up）一个磁场（magnetic field）、这场对运动通过它的另一个电荷会施加（exert）一个力。
9、第6，7，8章论述人们所说的电脑。
10、学生们会认识到数学是科学概念（idea）的语言、科学是数学概念的源泉（source）、数学能够为重要的科学问题提供（furnish）极好的（brilliant）答案。
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用数词：
1、该电路中的电流为电源（source）的短路电流（short-circuit current）的一半。 2、这种蓄电池（storage battery）的内阻（internal resistance）仅为零点零零几欧姆（ohm）。 3、其误差（error）为1012分之六。
4、这台计算机所储存的信息比那台多三倍。（要求把“计算机”用作为主语的“主谓宾”结构的句型）
5、月球的质量为地球的1/ 80.
6、不久的将来对这种设备的需求量（demand）为现在的20倍。 7、这个元件（component）上的电压为零点几伏特（volt）。 8、现在其内部的压力是原来的三分之一。 III、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
温度这一概念对我们大家来说都是熟悉的。这是因为我们的身体对温差是非常灵敏的。当我们拾起（pick up）一块冰时，我们感到冷，因为其温度低于我们手的温度。在喝了一杯咖啡后，我们可能把它说成（refer to … as …）“热的”，“温的”（lukewarm）或“很糟的”（atrocious）。在头两种情况下，至少我们在描述其温度超过（exceed）我们的（温度的）程度。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】这个电容器上的电压为零点零几伏特。
【英语文本】The voltage on this capacitor is zero point zero several volt. 2、【汉语原文】这物体比那物体重四倍。
【英语文本】This object is four times heavy than that one is. 3、【汉语原文】除非另有说明，我们假设使用的是硅管、ICBO可以忽略不计。
【英语文本】 Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and ICBO can be neglected.
4、【汉语原文】这个电路的优点是结构简单、容易调整。
【英语文本】This circuit has the advantage of simpe in structure、easy to adjust. 5、【汉语原文】图1、2、3画出了这个过程。 【英语文本】Fig. 1, 2, 3 draw this process. 6、【汉语原文】对于进一步的信息，参见文献【3，5，9】。
【英语文本】For further informations, consult references [3, 5 and 9] 7、【汉语原文】若给定：返回函数是凸的并且Hessian行列式是正的，那么该内点是最小值而不是最大值。
【英语文本】The interior point is a minimum rather than a maximum, given that the return functions are convex, and the Hessian determinant is positive.
练习3
I、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用介词： 1、这类计算机与那类相比有许多优点。
2、我们必须解这个方程把回路电流（loop current）求出来。
3、在这新的五章中，第一章论述负反馈（negative feedback）的基本原理。 4、本节介绍力的概念。
5、这个参数（parameter）是随温度而变化的。
6、这个电路（circuit）中的电流（current）与电压（voltage）的相位（phase）相差90度。
7、声波朝四面八方传播。
8、通过分析该仪器的参数，我们就能够了解它的性能。 9、这是解该方程的一个充分必要条件。 10、我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度。 11、我们是用牛顿（newton）来度量力的。 12、本文介绍测量这一参数的一种新方法。
II、将下列句子译成英语，要求使用介词短语来表示句中的画线部分： 1、若x＞1，则该方程无解。
2、在把这些数值代入该方程后，人们发现v等于光速。
3、在研究电学（electricity）时，物理学家们定义了该参数。 4、这个电路的工作情况类似于图1－10的电路。
5、在我们讨论这一课题时，我们将把注意力限于其基本原理上。
6、我们借助于电场（electric field）这一概念描述电荷（charge）之间的相互作用（interaction）。
7、这部分原因是由于（due to）地球的自转。
8、一当加上合适的外力（external force）后，该物体就会开始运动。 9、这台计算机的体积很小。 10、这些波只朝一个方向传播。 III、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
用在手电（flashlight）中的普通干电池（dry cell）被构作（construct）成图23－8所示那样。正电极（electrode）是一根碳棒（carbon rod），负电极是一个锌壳（zinc can）。这电池被称为“干的”是因为其电解液（electrolyte）是一种潮湿的糊剂（moist paste）。如果它真的（actually）是干的话，电解液中的离子（ion）就不能动来动去（move about），电流就产生不了了。在电池工作（operation）时，锌原子通过失去电子而变成了锌离子。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】本文提出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法。
【英语文本】This paper presents a new kind of recognition method of radar target. 2、【汉语原文】目标的运动状态对EKF的跟踪精度的影响是非常明显的。
【英语文本】The influence of the moving state of the target is very strong for the tracking accuracy of the EKF.
3、【汉语原文】与现有的方法相比，这种新方法具有许多优点。
【英语文本】Compared with the methods available, this new kind of metnod has many advantages.
4、【汉语原文】这台新设计的仪器质量很好。
【英语文本】This new designed instrument is in good quality. 5、【汉语原文】在10月8日早上又发射了一颗通讯卫星。
【英语文本】Another comsat has been launched in the morning of the 8th of October. 6、【汉语原文】电压是用伏特来度量的。 【英语文本】Voltage is measured with volt. 7、【汉语原文】这实验是从昨晚8点开始的。
【英语文本】This experiment started from 8 o’clock in the last night. 8、【汉语原文】他们将赴北京参加移动通讯国际会议。
【英语文本】They will leave to Beijing to attend a international conference of mobile communication.
练习4
I、努力用本部分学到的句型将下列句子译成英语： 1、这个题的答案看起来是正确的。
2、这个系数（coefficient）有待于确定。 3、下面两个式子在后面几章将会经常用到。 4、这里我们使用相距10厘米的两个金属球。 5、这篇论文没有什么新内容。 6、该力垂直于桌面作用。
7、这一规则可用于一切整数（integer），包括正的和负的。
8、中子（neutron）具有稍（slightly）大于质子（proton）的质量（mass）。
9、电子（electron）是存在于普通物质（ordinary matter）中的最小微粒（particle）。 10、现有的教科书均讨论了这一问题。
11、计算机由于运算（operation）准确（accurate）、速度快而得到了广泛的应用。 12、输入成为负的而输出保持不变。
13、这些射线（ray）似乎来自于成像（image）。
14、交流电路（ac-circuit）中的阻抗（impedance）起着与电阻（resistance）在直流电路（dc-circuit）中相同的作用。
15、相距一段距离δ的两根平行导线（parallel wire）载有（carry）电流（current）i。 16、这里的这些方程很重要。
17、我们将使用一根10米长的电缆（cable）。
18、现在的问题是如何测量这个元件上的电压（voltage）。
19、这些数据将被传送到2公里远的计算中心（computing center）。
20、在对上面的那个方程整理（rearrange）后，我们得到了下面的表达式（expression）。 21、那个陈述（statement）听起来很有道理。
22、电子能够相对（relatively）不受阻地（unimpeded）通过金属。 23、该物体（body）与附近的其它物体碰撞（collide）。
24、这些电荷（charge）能与存在的其它电荷相互作用（interact）。 25、力可以没有接触进行传递（transmit），这与普通的观念（belief）相反。 26、并不存在大于1的根（root）。 27、这个系数的典型值为0.35。
28、该电荷正平行于电场（electric field）运动。
II、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
物质（substance）的密度（density）为其质量（mass）与其体积之比（ratio）。液体和固体的密度最通常是用克每立方厘米来表示的。它们的密度可以通过地测出一个样品（sample）的质量和体积求得。对于固体来说，密度确定起来要困难一点。一种通常的方法（approach）示于图1.4中。首先利用天平（balance）测出该固体样品的质量。通过确定由该固体所排开（diaplace）的液体的体积来间接地求出其体积。
III、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】这台转动的机器将在一、二分钟后自动地停下来。
【英语文本】This running machine will stop of itself after one minute or two. 2、【汉语原文】在这种情况下，输入并不下降，输出也不下降。
【英语文本】In this case, the input does not fall; the output does not fall, too. 3、【汉语原文】导体的电阻不仅取决于制成导体的材料，而且取决于导体的尺寸和温度。
【英语文本】The resistance of a conductor not only depends on the material with which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.
4、【汉语原文】这些科学家们对该论题很感兴趣。
【英语文本】These scientists are very interesting to this topic. 5、【汉语原文】这个参数几乎不能测出来。
【英语文本】This parameter almost cannot be measured. 6、【汉语原文】本书的序言写得很好。
【英语文本】The preface of this book is good written. 7、【汉语原文】在这个实验室中，这台仪器比其它任何一台都贵。
【英语文本】In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any one. 8、【汉语原文】该设备的特点是体积小、重量轻。
【英语文本】The feature of the device is small in size、light in weight. 练习
5
I、将下列句子译成英语，特别注意代词的正确用法（凡是有画线的部分均要求用一个短语来表示）：
1、这检测过程（detection process）可以用以下两种方法（way）的任何一种来进行（perform）。
2、在该结（junction）上有一个电容（capacitance）。它的存在在高频时会引起问题的。 3、这个棒球（baseball）不久会停了下来（come to rest），是因为它与地面相互作用的缘故。
4、我们把这个系数选为1是正确的。
5、这是由于（due to）它使用了继电器（relay）而不是电子器件（electronic device）的缘故。
6、由于变压器（transformer）体积大、重量重、价格昂贵，所以如果把它们从电路（circuit）中去掉（eliminate）会导致节省不少费用（considerable savings）。
7、侧重点（emphasis）放在浮型陀螺仪（floated gyroscope）上，因为它们被用作为一种控制部件。
8、从把它定义为力与长度之比，我们可以看出k具有与功相同的单位。
9、在这个式子中，那个因素（factor）被忽略（ignore）掉了。如果把它包含（include）在这儿只会使推导过程（proceedings）复杂化（complicate）。
10、在他们讨论那个问题时，科学家们注意到（notice）了这一点。
11、由于反馈（feedback）在电子线路（electronic circuit）中起着重要的作用，所以对它的研究极为重要。
12、黑洞（black hole）是看不见的，但它的存在是可以推断（deduce）出来的。 13、我们对该机器的分析是很有意义的。
14、这有助于（facilitate）把它们用在电路分析（circuit analysis）中。 15、设计的成功取决于我们对电路的正确选择。
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意对画线部分要用名词或名词短语来表示： 1、不久我们将会制造出手表那么大小的计算机。
2、这辆警车装备了像火柴盒（matchbox）那么大小的接收机。
3、人们使用一根丝线（silk thread）的百分子一那么粗细（diameter）的导线（wire）来连接这些部件（component）。
4、我们必须对这些工具进行热处理（treat）。
5、在过去，电话是靠接线员（operator）来连接的。 6、这台设备是由计算机控制的。 7、这器件（device）是防水的。
8、交流电（AC）可以被转换成直流电（DC），这一过程被称为整流（rectification）。 9、磁铁（magnet）能吸引（attract）铁质材料（iron material），这是大家熟悉的现象。 10、如果这个关系式（relation）成立（hold）的话，我们就得到一个负的电流，这种情况（situation）是不可能的。
11、电路（circuit）中的电流（current）与外加电压（applied voltage）成正比（be proportional to），这一点是由欧姆（Ohm）用实验方法（experimentally）证实（verify）的。
12、计算机能够处理信息，这一过程以前（previously）只能在我们的头脑里完成（accomplish）。
13、激光（laser）是20世纪60年代发展起来（introduce）的一项新技术，它能穿透（pierce）像金刚石（diamond）这样最坚硬的物质（substance）。
14、色谱分离法（chromatography）是一种非常有效的分离（separation）方法，它已得到了广泛的应用。
15、这根2.5米长的铝棒（aluminum bar）具有1厘米×5厘米的长方形横截面（rectangular cross section）。
16、这一定律适用于具有火箭速度的物体。 17、我们必须对它进行频率调制（modulate）。 18、为了解这道题（problem），我们必须把各种因素考虑进去，这一步骤（procedure）是十分复杂的（complicated）。
19、万用表（multimeter）是测量电流、电压、电阻的仪表，它广泛地用在电气工程中。 20、这些材料是压敏的。 III、将下列句子译成英语：
1、在上面的几个式子中，所有的h都是混合参数（hybrid parameter）。 2、在时间t2和t3之间，该二极管（diode）似乎是导通（on）的。 3、在这个电路（circuit）中有三个电动势（emf）。
4、标准磅（standard pound）的质量（mass）等于0.4535924277 千克。 5、式5－1中的所有a和b都与阻抗（impedance）Ro有关。
6、这一节论述AC与DC相比的一些优点。
7、我们必须把温度对半导体（semiconductor）的影响考虑进去。 8、在这种情况下，输出随输入的变化是很小的。 9、这一曲线画出了距离对于速度的依从关系。
10、把原子能（atomic energy）用作为能源（source of power）是很重要的。 11、把杂质（impurity）从这矿石（ore）中分离开来是很难的。 12、我们都熟悉把电流定义为电荷的流动。 IV、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
能量可以被认为（be thought of as）是做功（do work）的能力。当我们说某东西具有能量时，我们的意思是说（mean）它能够（be capable of）对某个其它东西施加（exert）一个力并且对它做功。另一方面，当我们对某东西做功时，我们给它添加（add）了等于所做功的那么多的能量（an amount of energy）。能量的单位与功的单位是相同的。我们将在这一章考虑两大（broad, major, general, 或main）类（category）机械（mechanical）能，动（kinetic）能和势（potential）能。
V、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】其它类型的级数也广泛地用在工程上。
【英语文本】Other types of the series is also widely used in engineering. 2、【汉语原文】他们都不会解这类特殊的微分方程。
【英语文本】All of them cannot solve this type of special differential equation. 3、【汉语原文】他们不知道这材料能否承受这么大的力。
【英语文本】They do not know if this material can stand a so large force or not. 4、【汉语原文】该机器在两个小时后会自动地再次开始运作。
【英语文本】The machine will automatically start to operate again two hours later. 5、【汉语原文】共有M个多边形，其每个顶点数均为N。
【英语文本】There are M polygons altogether, whose vertex number is all N. 6、【汉语原文】并讨论了这一方法与扫描法相比的优点。
【英语文本】As compared with the scanning method, the advantages of this method has discussed also.
7、【汉语原文】这两位工程师在忙于设计一种新的软件。
【英语文本】This two engineers are busy to design a kind of new software. 8、【汉语原文】铁的导电性能几乎与铝一样好。
【英语文本】The iron is almost as good conductor as the aluminum. 练习
6
I、将下列句子译成英语，注意画线部分要用插入句来表示：
1、人们将会注意（notice）到，这个像（image）是个实像（real image）。 2、这种设备据说在三年前就有卖的（commercially available）了。 3、我们希望，这个技术问题不久就会解决的。
4、这些系统将以作者所希望的简明的方式（concise manner）来介绍（present）。 5、210近似为1000，这一点我们认为在学习数字电子学（digital electronics）中是很有用的。
6、这里应该使用一个比如说100欧姆（ohm）的电阻器（resistor）.
7、我们在前面已经注意（note）到，速度（velocity）是一个矢量（vector）。
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确表达否定和时态： 1、没有哪个电路（circuit）是没有电阻（resistance）的。 2、那些教科书均没有提到这一点。 3、这些x值并非都能满足该方程。 4、那两个条件在此均没有得到满足。 5、在前一章，我们讨论了各种力。 6、本文论述了设计飞机的一种新方法。
7、到上个世纪末，该公司已制造了五千部雷达。
8、自从2002年以来，这个研究所一直在开发一种特殊的机器人（robot）。 9、我们实验室里的计算机的质量并非都很好。 10、学生们对这些参数（parameter）都不熟悉。 III、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用被动句： 1、 在1－2节介绍了力的概念。
2、 早在二十世纪四十年代，人们发现半导体（semiconductor）是非常有用的。 3、 这一结果也能够用另一种方法来获得（arrive at）。 4、 当时人们没有使用（make use of）那一现象。 5、 这一点将在下一节讨论（deal with）。
IV、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用表示比较的句型： 1、 这台机器的性能比那台好的多。
2、 这台计算机所需的元件数比那台多的多。 3、 宏指令（macro）在C++中的用途要少的多。 4、 月亮离地球的距离远达24万英里。
5、 电阻（resistance）越大，电容器（capacitor）达到其最大电压（voltage）所 需的时间越长。
6、 物体被扔得越远，所需的力就越大。
7、 计算一下为使该轮子停下来还需要几秒钟。 8、 在该实验室里的所有仪器中，这一台价格最低。
9、 声音在氢气（hydrogen）中传播（travel）要比在空气中快得多。 10、这个天文台（astronomical observatory）属我国最大的。 11、小达0.1 A的电流太小了，以至于不能产生足够的热。 V、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
许多不同的方法可以用来把化合物（compound）分解（resolve）成它们的元素。有时候，但不是常常，只要热就够了。英国化学家Joseph Priestly在200年前就发现了氧（oxygen）。把化合物分解成元素的一种更为普通的方法被称为电解（electrolysis）。这涉及到（involve）让电流通过通常处于液态的化合物。通过电解这一过程，就能够把水分解（separate）成氢（hydrogen）和氧这两种元素。
VI、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】我们容易确定该物体的重量。
【英语文本】We are easy to determine the weight of the body. 2、【汉语原文】空气把压力施加于四面八方。
【英语文本】The air exerts the pressure toward every direction. 3、【汉语原文】这两位工程师在忙于设计一种新型的计算机。
【英语文本】The both engineers are busy to design a type of new computer. 4、【汉语原文】我们发现这个概念很难解释。
【英语文本】We find this concept very difficult to be explained. 5、【汉语原文】这些窗户均承受不了这么大的力。
【英语文本】All these windows cannot withstand a so large force. 6、【汉语原文】若把式（1－7）代入式（1－8），我们就得到以下的关系式。 【英语文本】If Eq. (1-7) is substituted in Eq. (1-8), we obtain the following relation. 7、【汉语原文】声音传播比光慢得多。
【英语文本】Sound travels less faster than light is. 8、【汉语原文】功等于力乘以距离。
【英语文本】Work equals to force multiplying distance. 9、【汉语原文】这个设备有它的一些独特优点。
【英语文本】This equipment has a few advantage all it’s own. 10、【汉语原文】所得结果与实验数值相吻合。
【英语文本】The results obtained fit the experimental values.
练习
7
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求对画线部分用动词不定式来表示： 1、我们只需要测出这个物体上的压力。 2、他们完全能够解这个方程。
3、借助于计算机设计这种飞机只需要几个月的时间。
4、如果想要求出这个力来，我们可以使用平行四边形法（parallelogram method）。 5、证明（show）这个表达式（expression）成立（hold）就留作为读者的一个习题（problem）。 6、要执行（execute）的程序储存在这一单元中。
7、这山谷（valley）用作为建坝（dam）的基础（foundation）。 8、这实验室中有许多种仪表供学生选用。
9、原子太小了，以至于我们用肉眼（naked eye）是看不见的。
10、假设（let）需要求出这个分量（component）来。 11、设（let）t0等于零。
12、目标（target）离得越远，回波（echo）返回（return）所需的时间就越长。 13、我们发现这道题（problem）容易解。 14、必须解这个方程把x求出来。
15、为使该级数（series）收敛（converge, vi.），x必须小于1。 16、我们发现这个概念很难理解。
17、这方法使得检测（detect）目标容易得多了。 18、分时（time-shared）系统建立起来是很贵的。
19、这个因素（factor）会影响计算机存储信息的能力。 20、我们得求出使r为多大才能使该级数收敛。 21、这是画画所用的笔。
22、为使这晶体管（transistor）导通（conduct, vi.），其基极（base）必须大约为1.8伏（volt）。
23、弹性（elasticity）是物体形变（deform, vt.）后能恢复（return to）原状的趋势。 24、天线（antenna）是能够发射（transmit）和接收（receive）无线电波的设备（device）。 25、缺乏（lack, n.）这种保护（protection）而使得恶意的（malicious）程序摧毁（destroy）系统上的数据容易了。
26、这些问题值得（deserve, vt.）进一步研究。 27、我们认为必须精确地进行测量。 28、R是所要测量的电阻（resistance）。
29、每个成员都有一个表示（投）赞成票（YES vote）或反对票（NO vote）的开关。 30、普通物质被说成是电中性的（electrically neutral）。 31、这一性质使得金属能够被做成任何的形状。 32、这张桌子不适宜学生做实验。
33、现在我们考虑取什么样的积分路径（path of integration）。
34、在这种情况下，为使该电流达到其最大值所需的时间被改变了。 35、编写本书的目的是给读者简要介绍电子计算机。 II、将下列小段的内容译成英语：
物体（body）经受（undergo）简谐运动（simple harmonic motion）的周期（period），是为使它作一完整振荡（oscillation）所需的时间。对弹簧（spring）而言，周期就是弹簧在从其最大的伸长（extension），通过其最大的压缩（compression）并再一次回到其最大伸长过程中所用的时间。对各类简谐运动来说，周期T表示为T= 2πs/a。式中加速度a是物体处于特定位置（specified position）时所经历（experience）的加速度。 III、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】强调指出了光强随圆柱体直径变化的正弦规律。
【英语文本】The sine law of the variance of the light intensity brought due to the variance of the cylinder diameter has been pointed emphatically. 2、【汉语原文】我们的方法与以前讨论同一问题的文章中所述的不同。
【英语文本】Our method is different from previous articles discussed the same problem. 3、【汉语原文】为了做到所有这一切，对计算机科学必须要有清晰的了解。 【英语文本】To do all these, sound knpwledge of computer science is necessary. 4、【汉语原文】不仅温度和光影响导电率，而且给半导体加杂质也会使导电率变化很大。 【英语文本】Not only temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also make it to change greatly. 5、【汉语原文】人们经常发射各种卫星来获得有关太空的信息。 【英语文本】The various satellites are frequently launched to obtain informations about the space. 6、【汉语原文】我们的半导体工业是在二十世纪五十年代形成的。
【英语文本】Our semiconductor industry comes into being in the end of 1950s. 7、【汉语原文】直流电总是朝一个方向流动的。
【英语文本】Direct current always flows toward one direction. 8、【汉语原文】我和我的同事们愿对W·史密斯教授给予我们的大力帮助表示感谢。 【英语文本】I and my colleages would like to express our thank to professor W. Smith for his great help.
练习8
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用分词或分词短语来表示： 1、压缩了的空气具有做功的能力。
2、现在存在的积分方法（integration method）在这里均不适用。
3、该放大器 (amplifier) 放大（amplify）接收到的信号。 4、运动的分子（molecule）具有动能（kinetic energy）。 5、图1－3画出了这个自由落体的照片。 6、速度等于距离除于时间。 7、电压等于电流乘以电阻。
8、空气阻力随速度的增加而增加。
9、变压器（transformer）是由绕（wind）在铁芯（iron core）上的两个或多个线圈（coil）组成的一种装置（device）。
10、必须求出流过这个元件上的电流。
11、这本书，如果使用得当，对读者是很有帮助的。 12、流过电路的时候，电流会失去一部分能量。
13、在这种情况下，电子具有的能量就越大，从而增强了光点（light spot）的亮度（brightness）。
14、若已知时间和速度，我们就能求出距离来。 15、学完这章后，学生们将懂得计算机的原理了。 16、由于光速极大，我们不能用普通的方法来测量它。 17、在过去发射了几颗通讯卫星（comsat），它们都是高空（high-altitude）卫星。 18、英特网（Internet）被称为“所有网路之母”，它是使用极为广泛的国际网络。 19、用弧度（radian）表示的角，由于被定义为长度与长度之比，所以是一个纯数字。 20、这个力可以分解（resolve）成两个分量（component），一个是水平的（horizontal），另一个是垂直的（vertical）。
II、把下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用“with结构”来表示： 1、 当开关闭合时，平衡点由试探法（trial and error）求得。
2、 如果两个扬声器（speaker）都开着，在C点的声强（intensity）为多大？ 3、 在设计英特网协议（Internet Protocol）时，没有考虑安全（问题）。
4、 让我们以原点（origin）为圆心（center）做一个半径（radius）为R的圆（circle）。 5、 圆心在原点、半径为r的圆的方程为x2 + y 2= r2。
6、 这个参数应该在E接地（ground）的情况下加以测量。
7、 其傅氏变换（Fourier transform）可以从式（2－4）获得，只要下限（lower limit）用零来替代。
8、 若电路中没有电阻，电流就会无限（indefinitely）增大。 9、 在没有输入的情况下，输出为零。
10、由于考虑到这一点，我们编写了这本书。
III、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用动名词（短语）来表示：
1、 让我们来考虑设计一台投票机（voting machine）。
2、 血液（blood）能够（be capable of）被分解成（be broken down into）各种成分。 3、 把a和b乘在一起来给出e可以写成 a×b = e。
4、 我们把这些元件称为（refer to … as）是无源的（passive）。
5、 细胞（cell）通过一分为二（divide in two）进行繁殖（reproduce）。 6、 这涉及（involve）到取傅氏变换。
7、 光束（light beam）进入该媒介（medium）时就会被折射（deflect）。 8、 对上面的方程整理（rearrange）后，我们得到了以下一个方程组（a set of equations）。 9、 在使用这个式子时，把哪一个平面看成1是没有关系的。 10、迅速地压缩（compress）一种气体就会提高它的温度。
11、这台机器需要修理了。 12、这本书值得一读。
IV、将下列短文译成英语：
让我们通过考察几个基本实验的结果来开始我们对电学的学习。第一个实验是由用某种毛皮（fur）来摩擦（stroke）一根橡胶棒（rubber rod）然后又（in turn）用该棒去接触（touch）由细绳（string）悬挂（suspend）起来的两个小木髄球（pith ball）所组成。于是木髄球就摆开（swing apart），表明在它们之间现在有一个斥力（repulsive force）起作用（act）。接着（next），我们用一块丝绸（silk cloth）摩擦一根玻璃棒并用它依次（in turn）接触两个另外的（different）悬挂的木髄球。又一次（once more）木髄球摆开了，表明了一个斥力。现在我们把用橡胶棒接触过的一个木髄球和用玻璃棒接触过的一个木髄球相互靠近（bring … near each other）；这次它们相互摆拢（swing toward each other），表明了一个吸引力（attractive force）。
V、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】所得结果表明，这两种方法其实质是一致的，只不过各有其应用 的条件。
【英语文本】The results obtained indicate that two mwthods are consistent, they have only respective applied condition.
2、【汉语原文】设计出了一种算法，它能自动地维持有用的副本的生成，从而大大地减少了网内的分组副本数。
【英语文本】A kind of new algorithm has been designed to be able to keep the life of useful copies. Thus the number of packet copies in a network will be decreased obviously.
3、【汉语原文】已知电阻和电流，就能计算出电压来。
【英语文本】Giving resistance and current, voltage can be determined. 4、【汉语原文】这台仪器的价格很昂贵。
【英语文本】The price for this instrument is expensive. 5、【汉语原文】这个设备占地方太多。
【英语文本】This device takes too many places. 6、【汉语原文】机器人是一种特殊的电子设备。
【英语文本】Robot is a kind of special electronic devices. 7、【汉语原文】这位科学家说，“电子是绕原子核旋转的”。 【英语文本】This scientist said “Electrons move round nucleus”. 8、【汉语原文】就在我们闭合电路的那一瞬间开始流动。
【英语文本】The current starts flowing on very moment we close the circuit. 9、【汉语原文】本规则有几个例外。
【英语文本】There is a few exceptions for this rule. 10、【汉语原文】这六个月来他们一直在设计一种新型的计算机。
【英语文本】They have been designed a type of new computer since these six months. 练习
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求用合适的状语从句表示画线部分：
1、直到引入（introduce）了一种完全不同的概念这个问题才得到了解决。 2、必须把大多数东西的值从十进制转换成二进制后才能开始计算。
3、静止的物体（a body at rest）直到有力迫使（compel）它时才会运动。
9
4、在过了将近100年之后才由实验证实了（confirm）亚原子微粒（subatomic particle）的存在。
5、一当输入电压变得比V更负（negative）时，二极管D就导通（conduct）。 6、科学家们初次设计电子计算机时，遇到了许多困难。
7、在发明该设备的那年，爆发了第二次世界大战（World War II）。 8、虽然（as）原子很小，它们是由更小的微粒构成的。 9、当发电机（generator）工作时，电压总是存在的。 10、当电流流动时，其一部分能量就会损失掉。
11、这两个电阻（resistor）应该选择得使该晶体管（transistor）能正常工作。 12、该物体处于这样的状态（state）以至于它能做功。
II、将下列句子译成英语，要求用同位语从句表示画线部分：
1、电压是电流和电阻之乘积（product）这一关系（relation）适用于一切直流电路（dc circuit）。
2、我们周围的一切东西均是物质这一事实是大家都知道的。
3、磁（magnetism）能够产生电流这一发现在电学领域中是极为重要的。 4、毫无疑问，磁场（magnetic field）是由某种（some sort）循环电流（circulating current）产生的。
5、方程式就是两个代数式（algebraic expression）相等的一种代数陈述（algebraic statement）。
6、有证据表明，物体的质量是该物体速度的函数。
7、现在出现了这么个问题：这结果是否适用于所有情况呢？
8、在这种情况下，不能保证该级数（series）是收敛的（convergent）。 9、人们越来越认识到这些方法是很有用的。
10、当时最显著的（noteworthy）成就之一是人们认识到了光是由电磁波（electromagnetic wave）组成的。
11、电子学的出现（advent）是从发现了真空二极管（vacuum diode）中的电流可以通过引入第三个电极来加以控制而算起的（reckon）。
12、这是由于在导体中有许多自由电子而引起的。
13、没有证据表明，能量能被产生（create）或被消灭（destroy）。
14、这一系列的实验得出了这样的结果：若外力恒定，则加速度（acceleration）与质量成反比。
15、除了材料的性质应该包括在分析模型之中外，我们还必须把其它因素考虑进去。 III、将下列短文译成英语：
几乎所有物质可分成两大类：导体和绝缘体（insulator）。金属、许多液体和等离子体（plasma）为导体，而非金属（nonmetallic）固体、某些液体、以及气体是绝缘体。就像两点之间的水的流速取决于它们之间的高度差一样，两点之间的电流的流速取决于它们之间的电位差（difference of potential）。电压正比于（be proportional to）电流乘以电阻这一陈述（statement）就称为欧姆定律（Ohm’s law），因为它是由德国物理学家乔治·欧姆首先用实验方法（experimentally）证实的（verify）。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】与目前国外资料中给出的天线必须平行地轴的理论相比，本文的方法可以实现更高的跟踪精度。
【英语文本】Comparing with the theory that the polar axis should be in parallel with the earthis axis, which was in the foreign literatures published in recent years, the method expressed
in this paper will lead to higher accuracy.
2、【汉语原文】这些特点使电子对抗系统难以对这种信号截获、分析和干扰。 【英语文本】These features make electronic counter-measure systems difficult to intercept and analyze this kind of signal and jam.
3、【汉语原文】曲线族指的是能满足给定条件的一组特殊的曲线。
【英语文本】The family of curves refers to a set of specified curves which satisfy given conditions.
4、【汉语原文】这些现象的存在及对它们的控制能力使得那些器件成为可能了。
【英语文本】The existence and ability for controlling these phenomena makes those devices possible.
5、【汉语原文】在这种情况下，必须尽量利用信号的能量。
【英语文本】In this case it is necessary to use the energy of signals as possibly. 6、【汉语原文】滤波器的齿数变化对滤波器通带性能的影响比结构尺寸变化产生的影响大。
【英语文本】The variation of the filter’s tooth number more affects the performance of its passband compared with the variation of its dimensions.
7、【汉语原文】标量检测会失去部分相位信息。
【英语文本】Scalar detection loses some phase informations. 8、【汉语原文】图6画出了本征参数变换法测量散射参数的原理图。
【英语文本】Fig. 6 draws the principle diagram of the natural parameter transformation method for measuring scattering parameters.
练习
10
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用名词从句来表示：
1、现在有待于确定该级数（series）何时收敛（converge）。
2、从杜巴梅尔定理（Dubamel’s Theorem）可清楚地看出，这个极限（limit）是存在的。 3、这误差为多大，取决于几个因素。
4、采用（adopt）哪种观点（point of view）并不重要（a matter of indifference）。 5、应当强调指出，这些定义可用于任何大小（magnitude）的角度。 6、(作者)认为学生对机械制图（mechanical drawing）有了基本的了解。
7、由麦克斯韦假设（Maxwell’s hypothesis）得知，每当电场（electric field）发生变化时就产生出磁场（magnetic field）。
8、偶尔（it happens that）整个相位移（overall phase shift）为零。 9、在这种情况下磁铁（magnet）是否被运动是没有关系的。 10、选择哪个未知数（unknown）是没有什么区别的。
11、温度确定了热传递（transfer of heat）将朝哪个方向发生。 12、我们应该使用哪个式子取决于在题目中我们已知了什么数据。
13、一切物质（matter）均是由微粒构成的，这现在已是一个众所周知的事实了。 14、人们已经发现，电流的方向与电子流动的方向相反。
II、将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用“what”从句来表示： 1、 必须确定在什么条件下这个方程是成立的。 2、 这个设备正是我们所需要的。
3、 现在我们把到目前为止所证明了的内容小结（summarize）一下。
4、 发电机所做的是把机械能转变成电能。 5、 这一章所讲的内容非常重要。
6、 这个磁力（magnetic force）就是使电动机（electric motor）转动（run）的力。 7、 物质是能够占有空间的东西。
8、 这就是在晶体管（transistor）中所发生的情况。
9、 在这个实验中我们所发现的是电现象这一崭新领域（entirely new realm）。 10、这个方向与假设的方向相反。
11、所谓绝对零度就是零下（below zero）273oC这一温度。
12、电视和电话通讯正在把人们连（link）到一个地球村（global village），也就是一位作家所说的电子城。
13、大小（magnitude）、方向和作用点（place of application）就是我们所说的一个力的三要素（element）。
14、这些数（number）构成了（constitute）所谓的实数系（real number system）。 15、物质经过了化学变化后，变成了与原来不同的某种东西了。 16、下面，我们要熟悉（acquaint oneself with）一些基本概念。 III、将下列短文译成英语：
据说，伽利略（Galileo）经过许多实验后发现：在地球附近的所有物体以相同的加速度(acceleration)朝地球下落。这个加速度就是我们所说的重力（gravity）加速度。伽利略的工作是特别有意义的（significant），因为首次实验的结果被接受了（accept），尽管（despite）它们与早已确认的（well-established）看法（idea）有矛盾（contradict），在这种情况下是重的东西“应该”比轻的下落得快这一观念（notion）。对伽利略工作值得（deserve）评述（comment）的是，他的一切东西以同一恒加速度下落这一结论（conclusion）只是对现实（reality）的一种理想化（idealization）。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】图7画出了x波段波导测试系统。
【英语文本】A x-band wave-guide test system is shown by Fig. 7. 2、【汉语原文】这种方法降低了对采样网路硬件的要求。
【英语文本】This kind of method decreases the requirement to the hardware of a sample network.
3、【汉语原文】根据上面对该多项式分解的分析，就得到了一种新颖的排列。
【英语文本】On the basis of the above analysis to the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel kind of configuration is followed.
4、【汉语原文】这能够以尽可能低的收缩频率来满足系统的输入和输出速率。
【英语文本】This can satisfy system’s input and output rate with as low as possible systolic frequency.
5、【汉语原文】本文论述了该系统的设计思路与结构，深入探讨了模型检验。
【英语文本】This paper discussed designing ways and structure of the system and deeply discussed model testing.
6、【汉语原文】最后用计算机仿真对窗口损耗概率进行了分析。
【英语文本】In the end, analysis of packet loss probability is presented by computer simulation.
7、【汉语原文】导出的阻抗矩阵稀疏率高达40％。
【英语文本】The sparse ratio of the resulted impedance matrix is 40% high. 8、【汉语原文】“秦俑”牌全脂奶粉，采用丹麦先进生产工艺，选用新鲜优质牛乳、白
糖和人体必需的微量元素、用科学方法精制而成。
“秦俑”牌全脂奶粉含有丰富的钙质、蛋白质及多种维生素，加入卫生饮用水后，即可调成品质极高的新鲜牛奶，长期饮用可健脑益智，壮体助长，实为老幼皆宜的滋补佳品。
使用本品如发现质量问题，请打投诉电话：029－3246788。 【英语文本】Qin Yong Pai whole milk powder is made with fresh high quality milk, white sugar and trace element needed by the human body, adopts scientific methods and Denmark’s advanced technology.
Qin Yong Pai whole milk powder contains rich calcium, protein and varied vitamins, can be mixed the best fresh milk with lukewarm boiled water. The product is truly a nourishing food needed by the old and the young. Taking it for a long time has much benefit to developing the brain, intellectual raising and building up the health.
You find something wrong with the product, please give a phone. Telephone number: 029-3246788
练习
11
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用定语从句（或含有定语从句的东西）来表示：
1、原子的大部分质量（most of the atomic mass）集中（be concentrated）在原子核（nucleus）内，这就解释了为什么原子核在原子内部几乎是静止不动的（stationary）。
2、法拉第（Faraday）是发现电磁感应（electromagnetic induction）现象的伟大科学家。 3、这是用来测量该参数（parameter）的设备。
4、我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压的仪表（meter）称为电压表（voltmeter）。 5、要做的第一件事是确定这个容器（container）内部的压力。 6、计算机是人类所曾有过的最有效的（efficient）助手。
7、在这种情况下，已经储存（store）的任何信息（anything）将会丢失。 8、还有另一种力我们需要加以考虑。
9、现在这种病（disease）不再是（no longer）原来那样的严重问题（serious problem）了。
10、小型计算机的应用场合（places）似乎是无止境的（endless）。
11、雷达可以测出无线电回波（radio echo）返回（return）所需的时间。 12、我们必须计算出该物体被提起（lift）的距离。 13、一个物体运动的方向也是很重要的。
14、要确定这个放大器（amplifier）放大（amplify）信号的倍数。 15、我们只需要按（press）一下这个按钮（button）。 16、人们只能说原子是由更小的微粒构成的。
17、I1比I2大的多，在这种情况下I2可以忽略不计（neglect）。 18、我们使这两个比值（ratio）相等（equate），由此得到了最简式（the simplest formula）。 19、这里为什么使用这个元件的理由是很清楚的。 20、需要确定y分量降为零的时间。 21、我们首先讨论其频率为恒定的波。
22、在这电路（circuit）中可能存在的射频成分（radio-frequency component）被电容器
（capacitor）C所滤掉（filter out）。
23、我们能够找出几个条件来，其中只有两个是必要的。
24、其每一点的y坐标（y-coordinate）均为零的曲线（curve）就是x轴（x-axis）。 II、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用以“介词＋which”开头的定语从句来表示：
1、该圆（circle）切割（cut）实轴（axis of reals）的点处于α＝ω处。 2、我们能求出与这两个等效的（equivalent）一个力。 3、XL＝XC的特殊频率称为谐振频率（resonant frequency）。 4、这些矢量（vector）不是按数字相加的方法加起来的。
5、重力（force of gravity）意思是（mean）地球吸引（attract）物体的力。
6、电子在其上面产生图像的显像管（picture tube）的表面称为荧光屏（screen）。 7、在电流流过的所有电阻（resistance）中，电能被转换成了热能。 8、力与其作用（act）时间的乘积（product）被称为冲量（impulse）。 9、这个电阻器（resistor）是产生负偏压（negative bias）的电阻器。 10、磁铁（magnet）能在使其运动所靠近的导线中引起电流。
11、把热转换成功的任一机械装置（mechanical device）被称为热机（heat engine）。 12、作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书（series）的编辑们（editor）。
13、这是给定的两个矢量（vector）为其边（side）的一个平行四边形（parallelogram）。 14、压强（pressure）等于总的力除以施加（exert）它的面积（area）。 15、组成（consist of）水的两个元素是氢（hydrogen）和氧（oxygen）。 16、这取决于产生电子的效率。
17、这两个定律（law）是建立其它所有定律的基础（foundation）。 18、存在许多自由电子的物质（substance）为导体（conductor）。 19、需要解释一下在此使用这个器件的理由。 20、水结冰（freeze）的温度一般为0oC。
III、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用“as”从句来表示：
1、我们将会看到，酸（acid）和碱（base）在生命的活动（functioning）方面起着重要的作用。
2、如标题（title）所示（indicate），本章将讨论非线性方程（nonlinear equation）。 3、顾名思义，流体（fluid）就是一种容易流动的物质（substance）。 4、正如前一章中所讨论的，晶体管（transistor）是电流控制元件（current-control device）。 5、这个波形（waveform）具有一个直流分量，这一点将在后面加以说明。 6、这单个力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同。 7、电荷的符号（sign）并不会影响结论（conclusion），这一点可容易看出来。 8、现在我们能够解像出现在物理中的这种微分方程（differential equation）了。 9、这个功能可以用像在上一节中所描述的全加器（full adder）来完成。 10、无线电波以相同于光的速度传播（travel）。
11、在该管的上面部分（upper part）就会出现“托利切空间”（Torricell’s emptiness），即我们现在所说的真空（vacuum）。
12、这些概念使我们能够理解静电学（electrostatics），即人们通常所说的“静电”（static electricity），中的范围广泛的（a wide range of）现象。
13、这一修正（revision）就导致（result in）形成（creation）了“高速力学”（high-speed mechanics），也就是现在人们所说的相对论力学（relativistic mechanics）。
14、这个电流，正如预料的那样，是十分小的。
15、首先让我们来考虑一下如第二页上所示的那个最简单的电路。 IV、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用“than”等从句来表示： 1、这个值比我们预料的少高一点。 2、（书中）列出了（present）远多于需要作为作业布置（homework assignment）所给出的习题（problems）。
3、几乎所有的放大器（amplifier）需要比仅用一只晶体管（transistor）所能取得（achieve）的多的放大量（amplification）。
4、这个反应堆（reactor）能产生（create）比它消耗（consume）的多的燃料。 5、让我们来考虑一下当力矩（torque）为零的情况。 6、我们必须确定开关闭合后的电流和电压值。
7、必须首先求出当c趋于（approach）无穷大（infinity）时的极限值（limit）。
8、自从本书首次出版以来的十年间，金属加工业（metal-working）发生了巨大的变化（significant change）。
V、将下列短文译成英语：
2003年春，作为一种新型传染病（infectious disease）SARS降临全球。它的病源、发展趋势和治疗方案（therapeutic schedule）都成为人们急需解决的课题，而又是充满众多未知数（unknown）的难题。本文正是从统计学（statistics）角度（viewpoint）提出一个SARS病例（case）发展趋势的数学模型。病例数随时间的变化函数p (t)是由两部分组成的。
为了使读者懂得该模型的推导（derivation）思路（guideline of thought），让我们考虑以下一些因素。值得指出的是，该模型的参数（parameter）并不是不变的（invariable）。同时必须充分注意各种措施（measure）的到位（put … in place）程度。
VI、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务。
【英语文本】Even in this case these protocols can provide limited amount of users acceptable quality of voice service.
2、【汉语原文】通过与MEI方法进行对比指出MEI方法中的第三假设值得商榷。 【英语文本】After comparison with MEI method, it is shown that the third postulate of MEI method is questionable.
3、【汉语原文】本文介绍了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通讯的方法。
【英语文本】This paper presents a method of 8098 microcontroller series-communicating with 386 personal computer.
4、【汉语原文】本文主要论述对这种信号进行Wiener滤波以及用于它们的LMS算法。 【英语文本】This paper mainly deals with the Wiener filtering and LMS algorithm of such signals.
5、【汉语原文】对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细的分析。
【英语文本】The effect of equalizer parameters for equalization performance is analyzed detailedly.
6、【汉语原文】图1中的接收机每个信道包括射频放大器、混频器、中频放大器、A/D转换器等等。
【英语文本】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 includes RF amplifier、mixer、IF amplifier and A/D converter etc..
7、【汉语原文】异常程度越大，残留的失配就越大，曲线就上扬。
【英语文本】Larger is abnormal extent, larger is the residual mispatch and the curve goes
up.
8、【汉语原文】蕨蔴系高原蔷薇科野生植物，含有维生素及铁、镁、钙、锌等元素。经药理研究表明，长期食用可延年长寿及减肥抗癌作用。也是馈赠亲友之佳品。
【英语文本】JUEMA is a highland wild plant belong to the rose family. Contains vitamins and elements such as iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc. Taking it for a long time, it will prolong life, resist carcinoma or reduce fat by pharmacology studying. It’s also a good gift for presenting to relatives and friends.
练习12
I、将下列句子译成英语，要求正确使用虚拟语气：
1、一旦出现不正常（abnormal）情况，立即关闭（swich off）电源（power source）。 2、如果没有地心引力（gravitation），任何东西都会飞离（fly off）地球进入太空。 3、人类若把太阳光（sunlight）全部利用（make use of）起来，则他就不需要（have no need for）煤或其它燃料了。
4、如果把这个变化包括在该分析中，那么它就会变得极其复杂。 5、万一出现皮肤反应就停用（discontinue）。
6、如果当时不使用电子计算机，他们解这个题就要花费很长时间。
7、为了进一步追踪（pursue）分子理论（molecular theory）的这一发展，就会把我们带入（take us into）原子和核结构领域（the area of atomic and nuclear structure）。
8、在原方程中检验（check）一下所有的解是十分重要的。 9、人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改（modify）。
10、这要求把晶体管（transistor）合适地（properly）加偏置电压（bias, vt）。 11、若没有半导体（semiconductor），卫星通讯（satellite communications）就不可能了。 12、我们本来也可以用定理（6）来导出（derive）这一结果。 13、设计人员了解计算机的实用知识是十分必要的（essential）。 14、这来自于输出要稳定（stable）这一需要（necessity）。
15、能量要守恒（conserve）这一要求（requirement）必须得到满足（satisfy）。 16、一个必要条件是该积分（integration）是尤拉方程（Euler’s Equation）的一个 解。
17、他们的建议是要把这一点接地（ground, vt）。
18、这根传输线（transmission line）作用（act）好像它是开路（open-circuit）似的。 19、当时看起来（it looked）好像这个题的答案是错的。
20、这里的每样东西，不论是元件还是设备，均是国产的（home-made）。
21、如果能够把一个大头针（pin）拉（draw）成一个原子粗（thickness）的一根细线（wire）的话，它就能绕（encircle）地球数千圈。
22、（x – a）除（divide）分子（numerator）的条件是x = a是一个根（root）。 II、将下列句子译成英语，要求正确使用强调句型： 1、 是这位科学家在一个世纪前发现了这个现象。
2、 我们关心（be concerned with）的正是这一结论（conclusion）。 3、 这个方法确实管用。
4、 钨（tungsten）就是用于电灯里的那种金属。
5、 声波通过介质（medium）的速度的确取决于介质的性质（property）。
6、 尚不清楚到底在什么条件下才能使用这个公式（formula）。 7、 这一性质我们称之为惯性（inertia）。
8、 无线电波使得像（such … as）广播（broadcast）和电视这样的东西成为可 能了。
III、将下列短文译成英语：
每个人都熟悉，当推动（push）一张椅子（chair）时，它会向前运动一段距离后
（才）停下来。正是摩擦（friction）引起了这一现象。若无摩擦，我们的世界会是非常奇怪的。人们既不能行走，也不能站立起来；就不可能建造房屋，等等。由此得知摩擦并不总是坏的。摩擦在我们的日常生活中的确起着十分重要的作用。
IV、根据所给的汉语文本，改正各英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】用户与IN网路之间的交互作用可能不同于转式POTS电话机中 的情况。
【英语文本】The interactions between user and IN network may be different from that happens in the rotary POTS telephone set.
2、【汉语原文】作者现在从事于计算机视觉、图像处理和识别。
【英语文本】The author engages in the teaching and research of computer vision, image processing and recognition.
3、【汉语原文】设P和Q为同阶的两个布尔排列，那么它们的合成是一个新的布尔排列。
【英语文本】Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of same order, then their combination is a new Boolean permutation.
4、【汉语原文】我们给出了三种算法，这些算法能明显地减少提起画笔的时间，从而提高绘画的效率。
【英语文本】We give three kinds of algorithms. These algorithms can remarkably reduce the time for raising the pen, therefore improve drawing efficiency.
5、【汉语原文】DTMF编码器由于误码率很小以及工作可靠而得到了广泛的应用。 【英语文本】DTMF coder has a wide ranging applications as a result of error code rate is very small and work is reliable.
6、【汉语原文】本文所讲的内容对通讯工程师来说是很感兴趣的。
【英语文本】The content of this paper talks about is of the great interest to communications engineer.
7、【汉语原文】本文介绍了用于估算多普勒调频率的最小熵方法，它与经典方法相比具有精度高、计算量小的优点。
【英语文本】The minimum entropy technique to estimate the Doppler frequency rate is presented. Its high accuracy and small amount of computation is advantageous over the classical technique.
8、【汉语原文】虫草王鸡精给你提供在激烈竞争的社会中保持健康以避免被淘汰的最佳方法。
虫草是中国特有的名贵滋补品。科学研究表明：虫草包含有多种特殊的氨基酸。虫草王鸡精是用上等鸡和纯正虫草粉精制而成的。它容易被人吸收与消化。本产品特别适用于身体虚弱、病后调养，因为它有助于建立平衡的新陈代谢。
【英语文本】The Essence of Chicken with Cordyceps provides you the best way to maintain your good health in this keen competitive society and avoiding you to be lost.
Cordyceps is the most invaluable nutrients in China. Scientific research reveals that
cordyceps include numerous special amino acids. The Essence of Chicken Cordyceps is manufactured by first class chicken and pure cordyceps powder. It contains rich nutrients and makes users easily for absorption and digestion. His product especially for weak body and after sick condition because it can help to establish a balanced metabolism.
练习
13
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I、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用倒装句型来表示： 1、在前面的陈述（preceding statements）中含蓄的（implicit）是电荷的守恒（conservation）原则。
2、在这一页上还画出了彩色电视机的方框图（block diagram）。 3、只有在匹配的（matched）条件下才会有最大的输出。 4、所谓电动势（electromagnetic force），指的是当没有电流流动时电池（battery）两端的电位差（potential difference）。
5、在玻璃管泡（glass envelope）的颈部（neck）放置（locate）了一组称为“电子”（electronic gun）的电极（electrode）。
6、下表（table）列出了（list）大家熟悉的计算机的各种参数（parameter）。 7、元素不能被分解（decompose），也不能用化学方法加以拆散（break up）。 8、只有当x＝8时，这个方程才成立。 9、特别重要的是以下两个概念（concept）。
10、这样的集（set）我们称之为数系（mathematical system）。
11、摩擦（friction）使得一个良好的润滑系统（lubrication system）成为必要了。 12、我们把图5所示的情况取作为第二个例子。
13、几乎（rarely）没有人绝对精确地知道这种函数。 14、尽管（as）原子很小，电子则更小。
15、电场和磁场（electric and magnetic fields）之间的这种相互关系（interrelationship）使得像电磁铁（electromagnet）和电动机（electric motor）成为可能了。
16、直到1818年，光的绕射（diffraction）才得到了解释。 17、对作者来说似乎学生们对实际应用感兴趣。 18、在导线（wire）中，电子绝不会从正端（positive terminal）流向负端（negative terminal）。 II、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用省略句型来表示： 1、米是长度的标准，而克（gram）是重量的标准。
2、空气阻力（air resistance）的影响（effect）在第15章讨论，而加速度（acceleration）随高度（altitude）的增加而降低则在第17章讨论。
3、端口（port）1被看成是输入而端口2被看成是输出。
4、对这套试验（this test set）的分析和等式相同于前几节所描述的。
5、出版社（publisher）将对该材料的丢失（loss）或损坏（damage）负责（be responsible for）。
6、必须求出这个电容器（capacitor）上的电荷（charge）和电压（voltage）。
7、在这种情况下，不需要标准，而仅仅需要一个数字习惯（numerical convention）。 8、这篇论文的标题（title）是“英特网防火墙（Internet Firewalls）的性能（behavior）和要求”。
9、这个电压大于或等于0.4伏（volt）。
10、阴极（cathode）受热时能够发射（emit）电子（electron）。 11、每个物体（body），不论（whether）受到加速（accelerate）与否，均被认为是处于平衡状态（in equilibrium）。
12、如果需要，该导线（wire）将涂有（be covered with）某种绝缘物（some insulation）。 13、该晶体管把它的材料（material）排列成p-n-p的，因而得到了pnp晶体管这一名称。 14、当这些电磁波（electromagnetic waves）从导体逸出（escape）而进入空间时，它们被说成由导体辐射（radiate），从而获得了“无线电波”这一名称。
III、将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用分割句型来表示：
1、正好（precisely）在聚焦透镜（converging lens）焦点（focal point）上的物体（object）不成像（no image is formed）。
2、（本文）对该设备的性能（performance）作了初步的分析（initial analysis）。
3、大家都了解（…is well known）这一定律：对于每个作用力（action）均存在一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力（equal and opposite reaction）。
4、磁场（magnetic field）是在磁铁（magnet）周围、由磁力线（magnetic lines of force）所占据（occupy）的空间。
5、这就导致了该模型中的电池电压（battery voltage）为840毫伏（mV）。
6、这曲线图（graph）表示了电阻器（resistor）的电阻（resistance）随频率的变化情况（variation）。
7、这造成了（be responsible for）降（fall）在大地（land）上的一半以上的水直接返回（direct return）到了大气层（atmosphere）。
8、正向偏置（forward bias）促使（result in）把来自N型材料导带（conduction band）的电子注入（injection）到耗尽层（depletion layer）中去。
9、现在出现了这个问题：如何能确定这些未知数（unknown）呢？ 10、必须确定改变周围（ambient）温度对该器件的影响。 11、已经作出假设：在测试期间压力总是保持不变的。
12、经常出现这样的情况：积分区域（integration region）随参数而变化。 IV、将下列短文译成英语：
温度是难以精确定义的。存在着物质的一些性质是随温度而变化的。这些可以用来构造（construct）温度计（thermometer）——测量温度的器件（device）。通过测量一物体（object）发出（give off）的光的颜色，我们能够测定该物体的温度。具有更为广泛应用的是物质当其温度被提高时就膨胀（expand）而当其温度降低时就收缩（contract）这一现象（fact）。被连接在一起（join together）的不同金属的两条带子（strip）会随着温度的变化而弯向一边（bend to one side），这一点被用来制作（construct）家用烤炉（household oven）温度计。
V、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】模拟结果表明，所有这两种方案是容易实现的。
【英语文本】The simulation results prove that all these two schemes are easy to be implemented.
2、【汉语原文】本文提出的模型及算法比传统的BP算法在性能上有一定的优越性。 【英语文本】The model and algorithm proposed in this paper has certain advantage of the conventional BP algorithm.
3、【汉语原文】我们获得了具有P个顶点的2－重自补图的数目是 ap = 2 (Sp(2); 1, 3, 1, 3, …)
【英语文本】We obtain that the number of 2-edges self-complementary graphs with p vertexes is that
ap= 2 (Sp(2); 1, 3, 1, 3, …)
4、【汉语原文】本文提出了估算频率偏移的一种新方法，其精度高、计算量少。
【英语文本】A new kind of technique to estimate the frequency deviation is proposed with high accuracy and low computation complexity.
5、【汉语原文】利用超分辨率方法来提高在ISAR成像中距离调整的精度（论文标题） 【英语文本】Using super resolution technique to improve the accuracy of range alignement in ISAR imaging
6、【汉语原文】对密码编码器中的DTMF的研究及实现（论文标题） 【英语文本】Research and Realization of DIMF in Cipher Coder 7、【汉语原文】石英扰性加速度计抗恶劣环境能力的分析（论文标题）
【英语文本】Analysis on the ability resisting bad environment for a quartz flexibility accelerometer
8、【汉语原文】本产品选用东北优质大豆为主要原料，采用国内最先进的设备，经先进的工艺科学加工而成。本产品含有多种氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、碳水化合物、钙、磷、铁等无机盐和多种维生素，具有高蛋白、低脂肪、无胆固醇、豆香味纯正浓郁等特点。不含任何人工合成的添加剂，是全天然的最佳营养饮品。
【英语文本】The product is made of high quality soybean which is produced in northeast area of China, with using the advanced facility anf high technology. The product is content of many kinds of amino acid, unsaturation fatty acid, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, inorganic salts and varied vitamins. It contents high protein, low fat, no cholesterol and with pure fragrant smelling of soybean characteristic and without any artificial additive. So it is a best nature product.
练习 14
I、找出下列段落中的主题句、论证句和结论句：
1. The idea that everything is made up of very small particles, or atoms, was known to the Greeks over two thousand years ago, but it was only about one hundred and fifty years ago that John Dalton put forward the important ideas which made the atomic theory really useful and greatly hastened the development of modern chemistry. What Dalton said was that, although many thousands of different chemical substances are known, these are made up of only a few different kinds of atom combined together in definite simple ways. We now know that there are altogether only about one hundred different types of atom, and about a third of these make up most of the substances encountered in everyday life. Atoms can not be destroyed or changed in any way by chemical reactions; all that can happen is that the arrangement of the atoms is changed so as to produce another chemical substance with different properties.
2. A very important world problem——in fact, I think it may be the most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time——is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on the land.
3. In size and appearance Mercury is very like our moon. Its diameter of 3,100 miles is not much greater, and its surface appears to be covered by the same type of brownish ash. It is a dry dust ball, a very poor conductor of heat, and a miserable reflector of sunlight.
4. Solids transmit sound very well. Try holding a wooden stick against part of a machine, and
place your ear against the stick. The movement of the ball-bearings can be clearly heard. This is a good way of finding the exact source of trouble in a motor-car engine which sounds as if it is wrong and yet gives no information of where the trouble is.
II、在空白中填入下面括号中给出的适当的转折语：
（instead, namely, but, however, that is, for instance, then, while, next, of course, hence, in fact, in general）
1. The first experiment consists of stroking a rubber rod with some fur, and _______ in turn touching two small pith balls suspended from strings with the rod. The pith balls then swing apart, indicating that a repulsive force now acts between them. _______, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn with it. Once more the pith balls swing apart, indicating a repulsive force.
2. Reflection from a brick wall is diffuse, _______ reflection from a mirror is specular. 3. Electric force is, _______, a vector quantity, with Eq. (21 – 1) giving only its magnitude. 4. Thomson was able to establish by an ingenious experiment that electrons all have the same ratio of charge to mass. _______, he was not able to establish that all electrons are alike.
5. The resistivities of nearly all substances vary with their temperatures. _______, metals increase in resistivity with an increase in temperature _______ nonmetals decrease in resistivity.
6. The frequency is the number of cycles executed per unit time. _______ frequency is the reciprocal of period T.
7. But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in summer, and unelastic in the winter when it was cold. _______, they might almost have been made of wax, only they were a bit stronger.
8. With these formulas, we can convert temperatures from one scale to the other. _______, a Fahrenheit temperature of 70oF, which id normal room temperature, on the Celsius scale is 21oC.
9. Unlike solids and liquids, gases do not have specific volumes at a particular temperature, _______ expand to fill their containers. The only way to change the volume of a gas is to change the capacity of its container. _______, even though its volume may remain the same, another property of a confined gas varies with its temperature, _______, the pressure it exerts on the container walls.
10. Neither conduction nor convection can take place appreciably in the virtual void of interplanetary space. _______, the heat the earth receives from the sun arrives in the form of radiation.
III、将下列短文译成英语：
物质（matter）的基本性质（property）之一是惯性（inertia），而拉丁（Latin）字“inertia”意思是懒惰（laziness）。
人们观察到，物体在其它某个物体迫使（force）它们做之后才会改变它们的静止（rest）或运动（motion）的状态。由实验得知，处于静止状态（at rest）的一个物体趋于（tend）保持（stay）处于静止状态，除非施加（apply）一个力来使它运动。平放（lie）在桌上的一本书，除非施加一个力来运动它，会停留（stay）在那儿。同时也知道，任何物体，一旦处于运动状态（in motion），由于（because of）它的惯性而将会继续运动。为了停止它，必须由其它任何物体施加一个力。
IV、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】开关电源（SMPS）输入端的电磁干扰（EMI）频谱分析及其抑止（论文标题）
【英语文本】EMI spectrum analysis and restraint in input of SMPS 2、【汉语原文】同时，本文导出了所有这些因素对系统性能影响的定量表达式，在此基础上提出了一种改进型的系统。
【英语文本】Simultaneously, this paper derived quantitative expression of all these factors’ effect on the performance of the system. On the basis of it, the paper presented a kind of improved system.
3、【汉语原文】该系统的性能改善了14～30dB，条件是不增加该系统的复杂程度。 【英语文本】The performance of the system has been improved for 14～30dB on conditions that the system had no increases in equipment complexity.
4、【汉语原文】测量内容可分为电容、电流和电压的测量。
【英语文本】Measurements are generally divided into capacitance, current and voltage. 5、【汉语原文】该设备能够检测集成电路（IC）的好坏以及鉴别无名芯片的类型。 【英语文本】This device can detect whether an IC is good or bad and identify the type of a nameless chip.
6、【汉语原文】本文将RELAX算法从数据域推广到相关域。
【英语文本】This paper extends the RELAX algorithm from data domain to correlation domain.
7、【汉语原文】文中介绍了数字式相关器的原理，分析了数字相关器在扩频系统中的解扩性能。
【英语文本】The principle of digital correlator is introduced, and the despread spectrum performance of digital correlator is analyzed.
8、【汉语原文】在运行这种Pascal程序时，用户只需输入应用问题的图形就能在计算机上直接给出问题的答案。
【英语文本】In running this Pascal program, the user is only required to input the graph model of his applied problem, the solution is then given on the computer screen.
9、【汉语原文】这样，天线场地的面积可以减少到通常的三分之一。
【英语文本】In this way, the area of antenna site may be reduced as small as one-third of the conventional one.
10、【汉语原文】当H和H’嵌在图5中时必须满足定理4.1和定理4.6的条件。
【英语文本】H and H’ must satisfy the conditions of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.6 when embedding them on Fig. 5.
练习
I、将下列短文译成英语：
半导体（semiconductor）是其导电率（conductivity）介于导体（conductor）导电率和非导体（non-conductor）导电率之间的物质（substance）。常见的有硅（silicon）和锗（germanium）。半导体对热和光是很敏感的（sensitive），这两者强力地影响其导电率。因此，半导体广泛地用来自动计算（automatically count）传送带（conveying belt）上的零件（part）等等。
II、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】在这种情况下，我们考虑把ξ1和η3连接起来。 【英语文本】In this case, we consider to join ξ1 and η3. 2、【汉语原文】这种新的算法保持了能很快找到最佳路线的优点。
15
【英语文本】This kind of new algorithm remains the advantage of finding the optional routes very quickly.
3、【汉语原文】本文介绍了用摩托罗拉公司制造的MC145442单片调制解调器多址通讯的一种新方法。
【英语文本】This paper presents a new approach to realize multi-point communication with MC145442 one-chip modem which is manufactured by MOTOROLA CO.
4、【汉语原文】设G为具有4n顶点的一个s.c.图，那么G的生成子图H*是一个b.s.c.图。
【英语文本】Let G be a s.c. graph with 4n vertices, then the spanning subgraph H* of G is a b.s.c. graph.
5、【汉语原文】该电路容易级联起来获得高阶电流模式滤波器。
【英语文本】This circuit is easy to be cascaded to obtain high-order current-mode filters. 6、【汉语原文】用这种算法获得结果只需要五次迭代，这比通过传统的算法用250次迭代获得相同的结果少的多。
【英语文本】It takes only 5 iterations for this algorithm to get result, which is much less than 250 iterations for the traditional algorithm to get the same result.
7、【汉语原文】这种新算法的特点是简单而客观。
【英语文本】The feature of this new algorithm is simple and objective. 8、【汉语原文】选择那一种非线性函数值得进一步研究。
【英语文本】It deserves to be further studied to select which nonlinear function. 9、【汉语原文】这一过程非常类似于流质从一根脉管经过神经网络流到另一根脉管的情况。
【英语文本】This process is much similar to that a fluid flows through a neural network from a vessel to another.
10、【汉语原文】该系统的测试是在的一家工厂进行的，结果令人满意。
【英语文本】The test of the system has taken at a factory in Hong Kong with results satisfied.
练习
16
I、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用时态：
1、本文介绍了一种新的测温方法，重点放在其基本原理上。
2、所得结果表明：这方法是很有效的。 3、这一点有待于进一步研究。 4、这个问题在下一章讨论。
5、在前几节我们论述了计算机的组成（composition）。
6、由这一实验得知，体积与压力成反比（be inversely proportional to）。 7、这一陈述已得到了证实（verify）。 8、x的所有这些值并非都能满足该方程。
9、这在某种程度上取决于该信号的带宽（bandwidth）。 10、伽马射线（gamma rays）的本质（nature）与阿尔法射线（alpha rays）是完全（entirely）不同的。
11、这个力只（solely）是由于（due to）该静电场（electrostatic field）引起的。
12、这种机器一般（generally）是由六部分组成的。
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意划线部分的词汇搭配关系： 1、这种新方法与现有方法相比有许多优点。 2、压力随温度的变化是明显的。
3、我们能够确定该设备对频率的响应（response）。 4、这个系数（coefficient）被定义为长度与长度之比。 5、把交流电（AC）转变成直流电（DC）是很容易的。
6、让人体晒晒（exposure）太阳（sunlight）对健康是有益的（beneficial）。 7、本文论述了电磁波（EM waves）对人体的影响。 8、这本书的序言（preface）写得很好。
9、这种测量风速的方法（approach）已广泛地被采用。
10、本文介绍了对流体（fluid）的初步研究（initial research）。 III、改写下列句子，将句中的划线部分用名词来表示： 1. This method is compared with the existing ones. 2. Several new concepts are briefly introduced in this section. 3. Temperature is controlled by using this device.
4. This parameter indicates the amount of amplification of a transistor. 5. Fig. 1-8 illustrates the process of signal transmission. IV、将下列句子译成英语，注意划线部分的词序： 1、将详细介绍计算机的每个部分。 2、其它两个参数也很重要。
3、本节介绍另外（additional）四种仪器。 4、机器人（robot）是一种特殊的电子设备。 5、我们在此将采用一组新的参数。
6、这个符号表示电池（battery）的负端 (negative terminal)。 7、这一技术达到了世界先进水平。
8、本文介绍二十世纪中理论上的主要进展（development）。 9、计算机的许多应用概述（summarize）如下。 10、这里有一根（piece）长的木头。
V、将下列句子译成英语，要求使用“have”句型： 1、这根电缆（cable）长约20米。 2、这张纸宽50厘米（centimeter）。 3、这些管子平均长5米差一点。
4、钻石（diamond）的折射率（index of refraction）为2.47。 5、月球半径（radius）为1736公里。 6、光通过水的速度为每秒2.24亿米。
7、海水比淡水（fresh water）含锰量（content of manganese）高。
8、其它任何大海的含盐量（salt content）不如死海（the Dead Sea）那么高。 9、中国的人口（population）比世界上其它任何一个国家多的多。 10、这种液体的冰点（freezing point）没有水的冰点低。
11、这样做的另一个优点是减少了数字计算量（amount of numerical computation）。 12、这个电池的内阻（internal resistance）是可以忽略不计的（negligible）。
13、质子（proton）正电荷（positive charge）的数值（magnitude）与电子（electron）的负（negative）电荷相同。
14、这个力的力矩臂（torque arm）为零。
15、这些形式的优点是容易看出通过改变角度是如何影响结果的。
16、CMOS门电路（gate）的噪声容限（noise margin）比TTL门电路高的多。 VI、将下列表达式中的定语从句变换成一个短语或一个词： 1. some water which has been distilled 2. a bridge which is incorrectly designed 3. the substances which are not known
4. a problem which has still not been solved 5. satellites which are made by man
6. signals which are modulated in amplitude 7. steel which is plated with chromium 8. pumps which are driven by wind 9. the instruments which were used
10. the number of mistakes which have been found 11. the new cars which are used for racing 12. paper which is used for drawing 13. bodies which fall freely
14. a country which produces oil 15. the point at which it boils
16. material which is tested in this way 17. paper which has blue lines
18. a triangle which has acute angles 19. a saw which has wide teeth 20. a stool which has three legs
VII、用“主→谓→宾”句型将下列句子译成英语：
1、这种方法所需的计算量（amount of computation）远小于那种方法。 2、这个设备消耗（consume）的能量比那个少得多。 3、这盏灯发出（give off）的光比那盏亮得多。 4、我们使用的结构应尽可能的简单。
5、一般可能写出（write down）的节点（node）和回路（loop）方程比需要的来的多。 6、这个厂制造的机器质量很好。 7、我们获得的结果令人满意。
8、物体A具有（possess）的势能（potential energy）比物体B来的多。 9、这个荧光屏显示（display）的图像（picture）比那个清晰（clear）。 10、这本书讨论的论题（topic）很多。 VIII、将下列的划线部分改写成介词短语：
1. The resistance of the human body is highly variable, principally because the conductivity of the skin is fairly low. 2. When temperatures are greater than 80oC, this equation does not hold.
3. Sweep methods of measuring frequency responses are commonly used in the laboratory today because their speed is great and their accuracy is adequate.
4. When forward currents are relatively large the ohmic resistance of the contacts and the semiconductor material effectively increases the forward resistance.
5. If pressure is constant, gases will expand when heated. 6. While it is being compacted, considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete. 7. When all tests on the unit are completed, the results are recorded on an output device. 8. If values of ω are small, the impedance of the capacitor is large relative to R. IX、改写下列句子，将划线部分改成名词短语或动名词短语作句子的主语：
1. If the charging-time constant is reduced, both bandwidth and sampling efficiency will be improved.
2. If the diode operates beyond this hyperbola, diode power dissipation will be in excess of its maximum rating of 1 W.
3. If a current pulse is applied in the opposite direction, the magnetization will be reversed. 4. If Eq. (1 – 2) is compared with Eq. (1 – 3), it is shown that such a phase shift would result in system oscillation.
5. If that current is removed, it will not be guaranteed that the galvanometer will return to its original position.
6. If this number is substituted in Eq. (9 – 4), the following expression is obtained. 7. If the meter circuit is included in the feedback path, the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance will be minimized.
8. If this equation is differentiated, we can get the following expression. 9. If the thickness of the lagging is increased, the heat losses will be reduced. 10. If machines are tested by this method, there will be some loss of power. 11. If these listings are studied, it will greatly help the programmer in finding any errors made in writing the program.
12. If the temperature rose by 50oC, the device would be damaged. 13. If such seven gates were to be cascaded, we would get an output of only 0.1 V. 14. Because it is large in size, this resistor is often neglected. 15. Since space is limited, only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology is allowed. 16.. The fact that electrons is deflected by an electric field is used to control the direction of an electron stream in many electronic devices.
X、将下列句子译成英语，要求在句中不用“method”、“technique”或“relationship”： 1、这个分数（fraction）有理化（rationalize）的方法是用复共轭值（complex conjugate）乘分子（numerator）和分母（denominator）。
2、两个复数（complex number）相加的方法是分别（separately）把实部（real part）和虚部（imaginary part）加起来。
3、其解的方法是首先求出I1。
4、这三个参数之间的关系用下式表示。 5、V与t之间的关系用式（1－1）表示。 XI、用静态结构表示下列各句：
1、这个振荡器（oscillator）在2到3GHz的范围内是线性（linearly）可调的（tunable）。 2、这个失真（distortion）通常是可以接受的。 3、该分析仪（analyzer）代表了（representation; representative）超外差型（superheterodyne type）。
4、这个例子说明了（illustration; illustrative）一个理想的（ideal）电感器（inductor）对直流（dc）起了（behave as）短路（a short circuit）的作用。
5、绝缘子（isolator）可用作为固位器（stabilizer）。 6、这个倍频器（multiplier）是可计算的。
7、各个谐波（harmonics）的相对值（relative values）能够表示（indicative）该现象的性质（nature）。
8、在大多数实际场合，这个信号是不能直接看见的。
9、这一项（term）描述了（descriptive）频率调制（frequency modulation）。 10、这个数是可用8除的。 XII、将下列短文译成英语：
1、本文提出了一种新的设计方法，重点放在其推导思路（guidelines of thought）上。它与以往的方法相比有许多优点。最后举例说明了该方法的应用。
2、雷达通过无线电回波（echo）来确定物体的存在（presence）、方向和距离（range）。一台雷达机主要由六部分组成。
当发射的（transmitted）的能量碰到（strike）物体时，其一部分就反射回来，从而使接收机（receiver）能接收到回波并在荧光屏上把它转变成可见（visual）信号。定时器（timer）测量信号的发射和其回波的接收之间所消逝（elapse）的时间。雷达机（radar set）离目标的距离就等于该时间间隔（period）的一半乘以光速。
XIII、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】我们可以由式（3）解an，从而得到Uo。
【英语文本】We can solve an by equation (3), and thus obtain Uo. 2、【汉语原文】图3画出了一根传输线，其长度为l，而其特性阻抗为50Ω。
【英语文本】Fig. 3 shows a transmission line which length is l and the characteristic impedance is 50Ω.
3、【汉语原文】虽然有许多方法产生随机数，但产生随机数的步骤是十分复杂的。 【英语文本】Although it has many methods to produce a random number, but the procedure of producing it is quite complicated.
4、【汉语原文】大家知道，当人们读中文时，并不考虑其中的每一细节的。
【英语文本】As it is known, when people read Chinese characters, they don’t consider every detail in them.
5、【汉语原文】我们获得了86.3% 的分辨率。 【英语文本】We get 86.3% recognition rate. 6、【汉语原文】这些数据经过处理后被立即送给数据库服务器。
【英语文本】After processed, these data are sent to the database server immediately. 7、【汉语原文】我们还设计出了记录表格变化的一种算法。
【英语文本】We have also developed a kind of algorithm to record the changes of tables. 8、【汉语原文】Hash算法是可以把任何长度的数据压缩成具有固定长度数据的一种方法。
【英语文本】Hash algorithm is a scheme that data of any length are compressed into data of a fixed length.
9、【汉语原文】并不像参考资料[2]所述的那样，g和u并不是均匀地分布的。 【英语文本】Unlike [2] declared, g and u are not evenly distributed. 10、【汉语原文】这个数值在观察中出现的次数列在第一列中。
【英语文本】The times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column. 练习
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I、写作者简介
1、根据个人的具体情况，写出自己的简介的英文文本。 2、将下面的作者简介译成英语：
David J. Minot 从1994年至1998年在加州（California）伯克利（Berkeley）的加州大学学习，于1998年获得植物学（botany）专业理学士学位。2000年在加拿大安大略（Ontario）省多伦多（Toronto）市的多伦多大学获得电气工程工硕士学位。自从2004年以来他一直在美国宾州（Pennsylvania）费城（Philadelphia）的宾州大学攻读计算机科学的博士学位。 1998年他在加州大学当助教。2000年到2001年他在宾州大学摩尔电工学院（the Moore School of Electrical Engineering）工作。他的科研兴趣主要在软件的开发方面。 II、将下列内容译成英语
1、本文综述了国内外近年来天线结构设计中应用最优化（optimization）的一些问题。它们对提高天线结构的设计效果、改进天线的性能，都有很大的作用。同时指出了天线结构设计中尚待解决的一些问题。 2、在毫米波集成电路（millimeter-wave integrated circuit），介质波导（dielectric waveguide）已有各种应用，许多无源（passive）和有源（active）元件已用它研制出来。本文介绍用介质波导设计定向耦合器（directional coupler）的方法，并给出了一些简单而有效的设计公式。最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。
3、本仪器能鉴别（identify）集成电路（integrated circuit）的好坏，以及确定（determine）无名芯片（chip）的型号。可检测的集成电路多达700余种。该仪器的特点是操作简便、检测速度快、便于携带。其价格仅为同类进口产品的1/3左右。
4、水星（Mercury）是九大行星中最小的一个。它离太阳的平均距离大约为57 500 000公里。旋转一周（complete one revolution）只需88天。其质量是地球的1/29，没有大气。 III、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误 1、【汉语原文】为了减小振子间隔，就必须增加阵列的振子数。
【英语文本】For reducing the element interval, the element number of the array must increase. 2、【汉语原文】重要的是如何确定发射天线的方向图。
【英语文本】It is important how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern. 3、【汉语原文】δ、δe可以从式（3）和式（4）求得。 【英语文本】δ、δe can be gotten from Eq. (3) and (4). 4、【汉语原文】对每一点来说，可获得的特征只有两个。 【英语文本】For every point, available features only have two. 5、【汉语原文】控制扩散的因素有两个：（1）扩散信号。它可以是亮度信号或是运动匹配信号。（2）扩散信号的位置。它确定扩散过程的起始位置。
【英语文本】There are two factors to control the diffusive process: (1) the diffusive signal. It can be brightness signal or motion-matching signal. (2) the position of the diffusive signal. It determines where the diffusive process starts. 6、【汉语原文】下面这个概念是神经系统所基于的基本原理之一。
【英语文本】The following concept is one of basic principles based by the neural system. 7、【汉语原文】这个系统与BSC有一些基本的差异。
【英语文本】This system has some basic differences from the BSC. 8、【汉语原文】本文介绍了应用正向-反向线性预测来提高距离校准精度的方法。
【英语文本】A method applying the forward-backward linear prediction to increase the accuracy of range alignment is presented.
IV、改正下列短文中的错误
In order to discuss conveniently, let the projection vector be the Z-axis, therefore, the corresponding Y-axis is the cross-range axis.
A method which reduces the cross terms of WVD effectively and has little effect upon signal terms is presented in this paper. Because each signal term has characteristic of straight line in the Wigner plane, signal terms appear as sharp peaks and cross terms distribute in a wide area when the signal is transformed into the Hough plane.
From Fig. 4, we can see the two signals’ auto-terms look like butterfly and cross terms’ magnitudes are low and distribute in a wide area. The WVD slice at the moment t=0 restored by integrating according to Eq. (10) may basically remain the principal components of the signal and reduce the cross term greatly. Furthermore, for multiple signals with almost an equal magnitude and different parameters, the RWT filtered in the Radon-Wigner plane will appear sharp peaks in the corresponding points.
Because of the reason of “the strong suppresses the weak”, in principle, the next component can’t be determined precisely. If we eliminate the component
z 1(t) from z (t), the second component may stand out. How to eliminate z1 (t)? The radar works in the C-band. The targets are AN-26 and YAK-42 aircrafts.
练习
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I、根据定义语句将下列句子译成英语： 1、频率被定义为某事发生的速率。 2、重力是把物体朝地心吸引的一种力。
3、磁带录音机（tape-recorder）是记录声音的机器。 4、温度计是用来测量温度的工具。
5、线性工作指的是放大器（amplifier）无失真（distortion）地放大信号的能力。 6、弹性（elasticity）指的是物体形变（deform, vt.）后恢复其原状的趋势。 7、等腰三角形（isosceles triangle）是有两条边相等的三角形。 8、电子是具有质量9.107×10 –18克的粒子。
9、信噪比（S/N ratio）被定义为信号与噪声之比。 10、实验室是做实验的地方。 II、将下列内容译成英语：
1、本文讨论了非正弦电磁波辐射（nonsinusoidal electromagnetic wave
radiation) 所面临的部分问题。目前，这种系统效率低，信号保真度（fidelity）和天线方向性（directivity）都不够好，因此其应用领域是有限的。
2、小波分析（wavelet theory）有如此独特的一个优点，以至于在很多工程领域中都有它广泛的应用。由于小波分析是傅氏分析（Fourier analysis）的发展和提高，因此凡是传统傅氏分析可以应用之处，原则上（in principle）都可以应用小波分析，而且由于小波分析弥补（overcome）了傅氏分析的不足（shortcoming/weak point），因而能达到更好的效果（result）。 III、根据汉语文本，改正英语文本中的错误： 1、【汉语原文】一个过程就足以获得令人满意的结果了。 【英语文本】A single process is enough to get satisfied result. 2、【汉语原文】这种方法对工程制图的种类没有多少条件。
【英语文本】This kind of method has little limitations to the kind of engineering drawings. 3、【汉语原文】由于这些符号在特征方面的巨大差别，所以用不同的方法对它们进行处理。
【英语文本】Because the great difference in characteristic of these symbols, they are processed by different ways. 4、【汉语原文】由于这些理由，所以希望计算机能把文本与图像分离开来。
【英语文本】Since these reasons, it is desirable for a computer to separate the text and the image. 5、【汉语原文】小波变换非常适用于表征暂态现象的特征。
【英语文本】The wavelet transform is good adapted to characterize transient phenomena. 6、【汉语原文】这些变化是如此之小以至于可以忽略不计。 【英语文本】These variations are so small that can be neglected. 7、【汉语原文】这不仅有利于区分开每个信号项，而且有利于减少截项。
【英语文本】This is not only benefit to distinguish each signal term and but also to reduce cross terms. 8、【汉语原文】我们是否能构造出一个LFM信号呢？ 【英语文本】Whether can we construct a LFM signal？ IV、改正下列短文中的错误：
In recent years, great progress has been made in optical character reader technology. In the technology, the image to be recognized may be mixed by a text, a graph and a gray picture. The original binary image usually includes more than one kind of information symbol.
In this paper the text/graphics separation problem in the recognition of binary engineering drawings has been discussed. The so-called “engineering drawings”, we mean mechanical drawings, a geographic map, a program chart, and etc. Conventional research work on text/graphics separation is described in the literatures [1]-[7].
The text should be printed. It should seldom touch graphics. It is prefer written in vertical or horizontal, not other direction. The text should not include Chinese characters. These assumptions limit the application in a great deal. The interactive modification is compelled to use and it is labor-intensive and time-consuming.
练习参
练习
1
I、
1、an （人们对这课题的兴趣越来越浓。)
2、a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。） 3、an（其主要的缺点是增加了噪声。）
4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。）
5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。） 6、the（频率的单位是赫兹。）
7、a; a; an; the（如果在电路的两端加上电压的话，就会有电流在电路中流动。） 8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。） 9、an（这里我们应该使用一个18伏的电池。）
10、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。） 11、The; /（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。）
12、The; the; the（研究处于运动中的流体，是力学中较为困难的分支之一，因为可能出现的现象是多种多样的。）
13、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。） 14、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。） 15、an（在这里必须使用一根S形管子。）
16、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。） 17、an（这是一只R位的变换器。）
18、An（这里必须使用一个“异”或门电路。XOR = Exclusive OR） II、
1. This is an h parameter. 2. We turn now to a discussion of local area networks. 3. The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer.
4. It is necessary to find out how long a time is required for an electron to travel the [this] length of the wire.
5. The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. 6. The radius of the earth is 6.37×106 m. 7. The [These] two parameters are the same. 8. An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume. 9. Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2). 10. The unit of inductance is the henry. 11. Too large an input signal can cause nonlinear distortion. 12. Using the definition of slope, we can derive the equation which represents a straight line. 13. The expression f (x＋h)－f (x) is frequently used in the study of calculus. 14. An equation which can be written in the following form is known as a linear equation in one unknown.
15. In a computer, the tendency is to operate at as high a clock rate as possible. 16. Tin does not have as high a melting point as lead (does). 17. This average velocity is half the final velocity. 18. Electricity can be easily changed into other forms of energy. 19. In 1831, Joseph Henry in the United States discovered the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction. 20. A computer consists of several parts [units]. III、
Chemistry is based upon concepts that require the measurement of such quantities as length, volume, mass, and temperature. These measurements are quantitative; that is, they have numbers associated with them. In this section, we will consider some of the simple instruments used in quantitative measurements. We will also look at the units used to express these measured quantities. IV、
1. The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure. 2. Performance analysis of an M-ary spread spectrum receiver using biorthogonal cyclic
codes
3. Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method. 4. Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system 5. With the state-transition diagram, the security probability of the system is obtained. 6. The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.
7. We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.
练习I、
1. Ordinary transformers are not ideal, and therefore power losses occur in them. 2. This material attracts iron objects and can even magnetize them. 3. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor. 4. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c. 5. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy. 6. Matter is anything like air, water or wood. 7. Assume that losses in the coil are zero, that C = 500μF, and that the ripple is 20 percent. 8. It is found more convenient to adopt the point of view that a moving charge sets up a magnetic field, and that this field exerts a force on another charge moving through it. 9. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with what is called the electronic brain. 10. Students may learn that mathematics is the language for scientific ideas, that science is a source of mathematical ideas, and that mathematics can furnish brilliant answers to important scientific problems. II、
1. The current in the circuit is one half the short-circuit current of the source.
2. The internal resistance of this kind of storage battery is only a few thousandths of an ohm.
3. Its error is six parts in 1012.
2
4. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does). 5. The mass of the moon is 1/80 that of the earth.
6. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is. 7. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt. 8. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was. III、
The concept of temperature is familiar to all of us. This is because our bodies are so sensitive to temperature differences. When we pick up a piece of ice, we feel cold because its temperature is lower than that of our hand. After drinking a cup of coffee, we may refer to it as “hot,” “lukewarm,” or “atrocious.” In the first two cases, at least, we are describing the extent to which its temperature exceeds ours. IV、
1. The voltage across this capacitor is a few hundredths of a volt. 2. This object is five times heavier than that one is. 3. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and that ICBO can be neglected.
4. This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment. 5. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process. 6. For further information, consult references [3, 5, 9]. 7. The interior point is a minimum rather than a maximum, given that the return functions are convex, and that the Hessian determinant is positive.
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I、
1. This type of computer has many advantages over that type. 2. We must solve this equation for the loop current. 3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.
4. This section introduces [presents] the concept of force. 5. This parameter varies [changes] with temperature. 6. The current and voltage in this circuit differ in phase by 90o. [The phases of the current and voltage in this circuit differ by 90o.]
7. Sound waves travel in all directions. 8. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.
9. This is a sufficient and necessary condition for solving [the solution of] the equation. 10. We will find out its average velocity over this distance. 11. We measure force in newtons. 12. This paper introduces a new method for measuring this parameter. II、
1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].
2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [to] the equation, it was found that v is equal to the velocity of light.
3. In their study of electricity, physicists defined the parameter. 4. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10. 5. In our discussion of this subject, we shall restrict our attention to its basic principles.
6. We describe the interactions among charges with the help of the concept of electric field. 7. This is due in part to the earth’s rotation.
8. Upon [On] application of proper external force, the body will start to move.
9. This computer is very small in size. 10. These waves travel only in one direction. III、
The common dry cell used in flashlights is constructed as shown in Fig. 2-28. The positive electrode is a carbon rod and the negative one is a zinc can. The cell is called “dry” because its electrolyte is a moist paste. If it were actually dry, ions in the electrolyte could not move about and no current could be produced. In the operation of the cell, zinc atoms become zinc ions by losing electrons. IV、
1. This paper presents a new method for the recognition of radar targets. 2. The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great. 3. This new method has many advantages over those available. 4. This newly designed instrument is good in quality [is of good quality]. 5. Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October. 6. Voltage is measured in volts. 7. This experiment started at 8 o’clock last night. 8. They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.
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I、
1. The answer (key) to this problem looks (appears) correct. 2. This coefficient remains to be determined. 3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters. 4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart. 5. This paper contains (has) nothing new. [There is nothing new in this paper.] 6. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table. 7. This rule can be used for [ … can apply to] all integers, both positive and negative. 8. A neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. [… has a slightly mass than a proton.]
9. Electrons are the smallest particles present in ordinary matter. 10. All the textbooks available discuss this problem. 11. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications. 12. The input goes negative and [while] the output stays constant. 13. These rays seem to come from the image. 14. Impedance in an ac-circuit plays the same role that resistance does in a dc-circuit. 15. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i. 16. The equations here are of great importance. 17. We shall use a cable 10 meters long. 18. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component. 19. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away. 20. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression. 21. That statement sounds quite reasonable. 22. Electrons can pass relatively unimpeded through metals. 23. The body collides with other bodies nearby. 24. These charges can interact with other charges present. 25. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief. 26. There is no root larger than 1 [unity]. 27. This coefficient is typically 0.35.
28. The charge is moving parallel to the electric field. II、
The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to its volume. Densities of liquids and solids are most often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Their densities can be found by measuring, independently, the mass and volume of a sample. For [With] solids, density is a bit more difficult to determine. A common approach is shown in Fig. 1.4. The mass of the sample is first measured (by) using [with] a balance. Its volume is found indirectly by determining the volume of liquid displaced by the solid. III、
1. This running machine will stop of itself in one or two minutes [… in a minute or two].
2. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]
3. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.
4. These scientists are very interested in this topic. 5. This parameter can hardly be measured. 6. The preface to this book is well written. 7. In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one. [… than any one else.]
8. The features of this device are small size and light weight.
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1. The detection process can be performed in either of the following two ways. 2. There is a capacitance across the junction. Its presence [existence] will cause problems at high frequencies.
3. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground. 4. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct. 5. This is due to its use of relays rather than electronic devices. 6. Since transformers are large, heavy, and expensive, their elimination from the circuit will result in considerable savings.
7. Emphasis is put on floated gyroscopes because of their utilization [use] as a control component.
8. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).
9. In this equation, that factor is ignored. Its inclusion here would merely complicate the proceedings.
10. In their discussion of that problem, scientists noticed this point. 11. Since feedback plays an important role in electronic circuits, its study is of great importance.
12. The black hole is invisible [cannot be seen], but its presence [existence] can be deduced. 13. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance. 14. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis. 15. The success in design depends on our correct choice of the circuit. II、
1. Soon [Before long] we shall have computers the size of a watch. 2. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.
3. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components. 4. We must heat treat these tools. 5. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected. 6. This device is computer controlled. 7. This device is water resistant. 8. AC can be changed [turned, converted, transformed, translated] into [to] DC, a process called [known as, referred to as] rectification. 9. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon. 10. If this relation were to hold, we would have a negative current, an impossible situation. 11. The current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage, something [a fact] that was verified experimentally by Ohm. 12. Computers are capable of processing information, a process that previously could be accomplished only inside our heads. 13. A new technology introduced in the 1960’s, laser can pierce the hardest substances such as diamond.
14. A very effective separation method, chromatography has found wide applications. 15. This aluminum bar 2.5 m long has a rectangular cross section 1 cm by 5 cm. 16. This law applies to bodies the speed of a rocket. 17. We must frequency modulate it. 18. To solve this problem, we must take everything [all factors] into account, a very complicated procedure. 19. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.
20. These materials are pressure sensitive. III、
1. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters. 2. Between times t2 and t3 the diode appears to be on. 3. In this circuit, there are three emf’s. 4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilograms. 5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance Ro. 6. This section describes the advantages of AC over DC. 7. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.
8. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small. 9. This curve shows the dependence of distance on [upon] speed.
10. The use of the atomic energy as the source of power is very important. 11. The separation of impurities from the ore is very difficult.
12. We are all familiar with the definition of current as the flow of charge. IV、
Energy may be thought of as the ability to do work. When we say that something has energy, we mean that it is capable of exerting a force on something else and doing work on it. On the other hand, when we do work on something, we have added to it an amount of energy equal to the work done. The units of energy are the same as those of work. We shall consider in this chapter two broad categories of mechanical energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. V、
1. Other types of series are also widely used in engineering. 2. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation. 3. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a force or not. 4. The machine will automatically start to operate again in two hours. 5. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes. 6. The advantages of this method over the scanning method have also been discussed. 7. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software. 8. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum. I、
1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image. 2. This device, it is said, was commercially available three years ago. [≈This device is said to have been commercially available.]
3. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon. 4. These systems will be presented in what the author hopes is a concise manner. 练习6
5. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.
6. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here. 7. Velocity is, we have noted before, a vector. II、
1. No circuit has no resistance. [There is not a (no) single circuit that has any resistance.] 2. None of those textbooks have (has) mentioned this point. 3. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation. 4. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied. 5. In the preceding chapter, we discussed all kinds of force. 6. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft. 7. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5000 radars.
8. Since 2002, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot. 9. All the computers in our laboratory are not very good in quality. 10. The students are familiar with none of these parameters. III、
1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced. 2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful. 3. This result can also be arrived at in another way. 4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon. (…, this Phenomenon was made no use of.)
5. This point will be dealt with in the next section. IV、
1. This machine works much better than that one (does). 2. This computer requires many more components that that one (does). 3. Macros have far fewer uses in C++. 4. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240,000 miles. 5. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage. (…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)
6. The farther the body is thrown, the greater force will be required. 7. Calculate how many more seconds are required for the wheel to come to rest [stop]. 8. Of all the instruments in this laboratory, this one is the lowest in price […, this one is the cheapest].
9. Sound travels in hydrogen much faster than in air. 10. This astronomical observatory is the largest in our country. 11. The current as small as 0.1 A is too small to produce enough heat. V、
Many different methods can be used to resolve compounds into their elements. Sometimes, but not often, heat alone is sufficient. Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, discovered oxygen 200 years ago. A more common method of resolving compounds into elements is called electrolysis. This involves passing an electric current through a compound, usually in the liquid state. Through the process of electrolysis, it is possible to separate water into the two elements hydrogen and oxygen.
VI、
1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.
2. Air exerts pressure in all directions. 3. Both the engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer. 4. We find this concept very difficult to explain. 5. None of these windows can withstand so large a force. 6. Substituting Eq. (1-7) in [into] Eq. (1-8), we obtain [have; get] the following relation. [ Substituting (Substitution of) Eq. (1-7) in Eq. (1-8) yields [produces; gives; results in; leads to] the following relation.]
7. Sound travels less fast than light does. 8. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by distance. 9. This equipment has a few advantages all its own. 10. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]
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I、
1. All we need to do is (to) measure the pressure on the body. [或：All that is necessary is to measure …; It is only necessary for us to measure …; We need only to measure ….] 2. It is quite possible for them to solve this equation. 3. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer. 4. If it is desired to find out this force, we may use the parallelogram method. 5. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression hold. 6. The program to be executed is stored in this unit. 7. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam. 8. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from. 9. Atoms are too small for us to see with our naked eyes. 10. Let it be required to find out this component. 11. Let t0 equal [be equal to] zero. 12. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return. 13. We find this problem easy to solve. 14. It is necessary to solve this equation for x.
15. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1. 16. We find this concept very difficult to understand. 17. This method makes it much easier to detect targets. 18. Time-shared systems are expensive to build. 19. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information. 20. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge. 21. This is a pen to draw pictures with. 22. For the transistor to conduct, its base must be about 1.8 volts. 23. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed. 24. An antenna is a device to transmit and receive radio waves.
25. The lack of such protection has made it easy for malicious programs to destroy data on systems. 26. These problems deserve to be further studied.
27. We consider it necessary to make measurements with accuracy. 28. R is the resistance to be measured. 29. Each member has a switch with which to indicate a YES or NO vote. 30. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral. 31.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape. 32. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on. 33. Now we consider what path of integration to take. 34. In this case, the time necessary for the current to reach its maximum value is changed. 35. The purpose to write this book is to give the reader a brief introduction to electronic computers. II、
The period with which a body undergoes simple harmonic motion is the time required for it to make one complete oscillation. In the case of a spring [For a spring], the period is the time the spring spends in going from its maximum extension, through its maximum compression and back to its maximum extension once more. For all types of simple harmonic motion, the period T is given [expressed; denoted; represented] by T = 2πS/a,
where the acceleration a is that experienced by the body when it is at its specified position. III、
1. The sine law of the variation of the cylinder diameter with light intensity has been emphasized.
2. Our method is different from those described [presented] in the papers available on [discussing] the same problem.
3. To do all this, a sound knowledge of computer science is necessary. […, it is necessary to have a sound knowledge of computer science.]
4. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly. 5. Various satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about [on] space. 6. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s. 7. Direct current flows always in one direction. 8. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.
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1. The compressed air has the ability to do work. 2. The presently existing integration methods do not apply [hold] here. 3. The amplifier amplifies the received signals. 4. Moving molecules have kinetic energy. 5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body. 6. Speed equals distance divided by time. 7. Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
8. The resistance of air increases with the increased [increasing] speed. 9. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on [round] an iron core. 10. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component. 11. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader. 12. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy. 13. In this case, electrons have more energy, (thus) increasing the brightness of the light spot. 14. Given [Knowing] time and speed, we can find out distance. 15. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand the principle of a computer. 16. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 17. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites. 18. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network. 19. The angle in radians, being defined as the ratio of a length to a length, is a pure number. 20. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical. II、
1. With the switch closed, the balance point is found by trial and error. 2. With both speakers on, what is the intensity at C? 3. The Internet Protocol was not designed with security in mind. 4. Let us construct [draw] a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.
5. The equation to the circle of radius r with the center at the origin is x2 + y2= r2.
6. This parameter should be measured with E grounded. 7. Its Fourier transform can be obtained from Eq. (2 – 4), with the lower limit replaced by zero. 8. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely. 9. With no input present, the output will be zero. 10. With this in view, we have written this book. III、
1. Let us consider designing a voting machine. 2. Blood is capable of being broken down into various components. 3. Multiplying a and b together to give e may be written as a×b = e. 4. We refer to these components as being passive. 5. A cell reproduces by dividing in two. 6. This involves taking the Fourier transform. 7. The light beam will be deflected upon entering the medium. 8. On rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.
9. In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.
10. Compressing a gas quickly raises its temperature. 11. This machine needs repairing. 12. This book is worth reading. VI、
Let us begin our study of electricity by examining the results of a few basic experiments. The first experiment consists of stroking a rubber rod with some fur, and then in turn touching two small pith balls suspended from strings with the rod. The pith balls then swing apart, indicating that a repulsive force now acts between them. Next, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn with it. Once more the pith balls swing apart, indicating a repulsive force. Now we bring near each other one of the pith balls touched with the rubber rod and one touched with the glass rod; they swing toward each other this time, indicating an attractive force. VII、
The results obtained indicate that these two methods are consistent in
essence, with the exception that they have their own specific application conditions.
A new algorithm has been designed which will be able to maintain the
survival of useful copies, thus greatly reducing the number of packet copies in a network. 3. Given [Knowing] resistance and current, one [we] can determine voltage. 4. The price of this instrument is high.
5. This device occupies too much space/room. 6. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.
7. This scientist said, “Electrons move round the nucleus.”
8. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit. 9. There are a few exceptions to this rule.
10. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.
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1. The problem was not to be solved until a completely new method was introduced. 2. The values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin.
3. A body at rest will never move until force compels it. 4. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence [presence] of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment [experimentally].
5. Diode D conducts the moment [the instant; directly; immediately] the input voltage becomes more negative than V.
6. The first time they designed an electronic computer, scientists encountered many difficulties.
7. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out. 8. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles. 9. The voltage is always there while the generator is operating. 10. As current flows, part of its energy will be lost. 11. These two resistors should be selected [chosen] so that the transistor can operate normally. 12. The body is in such a state that it can do work. II、
1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits. 2. The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all. 3. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.
4. There is no doubt that the magnetic field is produced by some sort of circulating current. 5. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal. 6. There is evidence that the mass of a body is the function of the body. 7. The question now arises whether this result applies to all cases. 8. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent. 9. There is a growing awareness that these techniques are very useful. 10. One of [Among] the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves. 11. The advent of electronics is reckoned from the discovery that the current in the vacuum diode can be controlled by introducing a third electrode. 12. This is due to [ is caused by; results from] the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors. 13. There is no evidence that energy can be created or destroyed. 14. This series of experiment leads to the result that with a constant applied [external] force, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass. 15. Besides [In addition to] the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account. III、
Nearly all substances fall into two major [broad; general; main] categories: conductors and insulators. Metals, many liquids, and plasmas are conductors, while nonmetallic solids, certain liquids, and gases are insulators. Just as the rate of flow of water depends upon the difference of height between them, the rate of flow of electric current between two points depends upon the difference of potential between them. The statement that voltage is proportional to current multiplied by [times] resistance is called Ohm’s law, since it was first verified experimentally by the German physicist Georg Ohm. IV、
Compared with the theory presented in the literature published abroad
in recent years that the polar axis should be in parallel with the earth’s axis, the method given in this paper will lead to (a) higher accuracy.
These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.
3. By the family of curves is meant a specified set of curves which satisfy given conditions. 4. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible. 5. In this case it is necessary to use as much energy of signals as possible.
6. The variation of the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of its dimensions.
7. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.
8. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.
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I、
1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges. 2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists. 3. How large this error is depends upon several [a few] factors. 4. It is a matter of indifference which point of view is adopted. 5. It should be emphasized that these definitions may be used for angles of any magnitude. 6. It is assumed that the student has a basic understanding of mechanical drawing. 7. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced. 8. It happens that the overall phase shift is zero. 9. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case. 10. It makes no difference which unknown is selected [chosen]. 11. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place. 12. Which equation we should use depends on what data we are given [know] in the problem. 13. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles. 14. It has been found that the direction of an electric current is opposite to that of the flow of electrons. II、
1. It is necessary to determine under what conditions this equation holds [applies; is valid; is true]. 2. This device is just what we need. 3. Now we summarize what we have proved so far [up to now]. 4. What a generator does is to change mechanical energy into electrical energy. 5. What this chapter describes [What is described in this chapter] is of great importance. 6. This magnetic force is what makes the electric motor run. 7. Matter is what can occupy space. 8. This is what happens in a transistor. 9. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.
10. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.
11. What is spoken of as absolute zero is the temperature 273oC below zero.
12. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. 13. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force. 14. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system. 15. After a chemical change, a substance is changed to something different from what it was. 16. In what follows, we acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts. III、
It is said that Galileo found, after a number of experiments, that all bodies near the earth fall toward the earth with the same acceleration. This acceleration is what we call the acceleration of gravity. Galileo’s work was especially significant because, for the first time, experimental results were accepted despite the fact that they contradicted well-known established ideas, in this case the notion that heavy things “should” fall faster than light ones. What deserves to be commented on Galileo’s work is that his conclusion that all things fall with the same constant acceleration is only an idealization of reality. IV、
1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …]. 2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.
3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]
4. This can satisfy the system’s input and output rates with as low a systolic frequency as possible.
5. This paper discusses the design guideline for and the structure of the system, with a deep inquiry into model testing.
6. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation. 7. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.
8. The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder is made from high-quality fresh milk, white sugar and trace elements needed by the human body by scientific methods and Denmark’s advanced technology.
The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder contains calcium, protein and varied vitamins, and it can be mixed with lukewarm sanitary drinking water into [或：… can be blended with lukewarm sanitary drinking water to produce] the best fresh milk. The product is truly a tonic suitable for both the old and the young. Taking it for a long time is beneficial [is of benefit] to [或：is good for] the development of the brain and the improvement of health.
If you find anything wrong with the product, please give us a complaint phone call [或：please let us know by phone].
Our telephone number is 029-3246788.
练习
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I、
1. Most of the atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus, which explains why the nucleus is almost stationary within the atom
2. Faraday was the great scientist who [that] discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
3. This is the device which [that] is used to measure the parameter. 4. The meter (that [which]) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.
5. The first thing that is to be done is to determine the pressure within this container. 6. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had. 7. In this case, anything that has been stored will be lost. 8. There is another kind of force (that) we need to consider. 9. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was. 10. The places where small computers can be used seem (to be) endless. 11. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return. 12. We must calculate the distance (that [through which]) the body is lifted. 13. The direction (that [in which]) a body moves is also very important. 14. It is necessary to determine the number of times (that [by which]) this amplifier amplifies signals.
15. All we need (to) do is (to) press this button. 16. All one can say is that an atom consists of still smaller particles. 17. I1 is much larger than I2, in which case I2 can be neglected.
18. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows [results]. 19. The reason why [for which]this component is used here is quite clear. 20. It is necessary to determine the time when [at which] the y-component has decreased to zero.
21. We first discuss the waves whose frequencies [the frequencies of which] are constant. 22. Any radio-frequency component (that) there may be [that there may exist] in this circuit is filtered out by capacitor C.
23. We can find a few conditions, of which only two [only two of which] are necessary. 24. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis. II、
1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω. 2. We can find the single force to which these two forces are equivalent. 3. The particular frequency at which XL = XC is called the resonant frequency. 4. These vectors are not added (in) the way (in which [that]) numbers are added. 5. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body. 6. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.
7. In all resistances through which a current flows, electrical energy is converted into heat energy.
8. The product of a force and the time during which it acts is called impulse. 9. This resistor is the one across which the negative bias is developed. 10. A magnet can cause an electric current in a wire near which it is moved. 11. Any mechanical device by which heat is converted into work is called a heat engine. 12. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part [to which this book belongs].
13. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are sides. 14. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted. 15. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen. 16. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced. 17. These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built. 18. The substances in which there are many free electrons are conductors. 19. It is necessary to explain the reason for which this device is used here. 20. The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0oC. III、
1. As we shall see, acids and bases play an important role in the functioning of life. 2. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations. 3. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily. 4. As was discussed in the previous chapter, a transistor is a current-control element. 5. This waveform has a dc component, as will be explained later. 6. This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together. 7. The sign of the charge does not affect the conclusion, as can be seen readily. 8. Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.
9. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section. 10. Radio waves travel at the same speed as light.
11. Torricell’s emptiness will appear on the upper part of the tube, or vacuum as we now call it.
12. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called. 13. This revision resulted in the creation of high-speed mechanics, or as it is referred to, relativistic mechanics.
14. This current is, as predicted, very small, 15. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2. IV、
1. This is a slightly higher value than we predicted. 2. Many more problems are presented than need be given as homework assignments. 3. Nearly all amplifiers require more amplification than only one transistor can achieve. 4. This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes. 5. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero. 6. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes. 7. It is necessary to first find the limit as c approaches infinity.
8. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place [have been seen]. V、
In the spring of 2003, as a new type of infectious disease, the SARS attacked the globe [The spring of 2003 saw the (sudden) attack of the globe by the SARS, a new type of infectious disease]. Its origin, developing trend and therapeutic schedule are the topics which are to be urgently tackled, but they are difficult problems full of numerous unknowns. It is from the viewpoint of statistics that this paper presents a mathematical model for [of] the developing trend of SARS cases. The function p (t) for [of] the variation of the number of cases with time consists of two parts.
For the reader to understand the guideline of thought for the derivation of the model, let us consider the factors which follow [the following factors]. It is worth pointing out that the parameters of the model are not invariable. At the same time [Also] it is necessary to pay much attention to the degree to which various measures have been put in place. VI、
1. Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.
2. A comparison of this method with the MEI method shows that the third postulate in the MEI method is questionable.
3. This paper presents a method for an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.
4. This paper deals mainly with the Wiener filtering of and the LMS algorithm for such signals.
5. The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzed in detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.] 6. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.
7. he larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.
8. A highland wild plant, JUEMA belongs to the rose family [JUEMA is a highland wild plant belonging to the rose family]. It contains vitamins and elements such as iron, magnesium, calcium, (and) zinc. Pharmacological study shows that taking it for a long time [a long-term intake] will prolong life, resist cancer and reduce weight. It is also a good gift for your relatives and friends.
练习
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I、
1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch [turn] off the power supply at once [immediately].
2. If there were no [Without] gravitation, everything would fly off the earth into space. 3. If man made use of all the sunlight, he would have no need for coal or other fuels.
4. If this change were to be included [(should) be included] in the analysis, it would become extremely complex.
5. Discontinue should a skin reaction occur.
6. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.
7. To pursue this development of molecular theory further would take us into the area of atomic and nuclear structure.
8. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation. 9. It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once. 10. This requires that the transistor (should) be properly biased.
11. Without semiconductors, satellite communications would be impossible.
12. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.
13. It is quite essential that designers (should) have a practical knowledge of computers. 14. This comes from the necessity that the output (should) be stable. 15. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.
16. A necessary condition is that the integration (should) be a solution of [to] Euler’s equation. 17. Their suggestion is that this point (should) be grounded. 18. This transmission line acts as if it were open-circuited. 19. It looked as if the answer to this problem had been wrong. 20. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.
21. Could a pin be drawn into a wire of the thickness of one atom, it would encircle the earth thousands of times.
22. The condition that x – a (should) divide the numerator is that x = a (should) be a root. II、
1. It was this scientist who [that] discovered this phenomenon a century ago.
2. It is this conclusion with which we are concerned. [It is this conclusion which [that] we are concerned with.] 3. This method does work.
4. Tungsten is the very metal used in electric lamps.
5. The speed with which sound waves move through a medium does depend on the properties of the medium.
6. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used. 7. This property we call inertia.
8. Radio waves makes possible such things as broadcast and television. III、
Everyone is familiar with the fact that when a chair is pushed, it will move on for some distance before it stops. It is the friction that causes this phenomenon. Without friction, our world would be very strange. One could neither walk, nor stand up; it would be impossible to build houses, etc. From this it follows that friction is not always bad. Friction does play a very important role in our everyday life. IV、
1. The interactions between user and IN network may be different from what happens in the rotary POTS telephone set.
2. The author is engaged in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, image processing and recognition.
3. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.
4. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.
5. The DTMF coder has found wide applications because of its very small error code rate and its reliability.
6. What this paper describes is of great help to communications engineers.
7. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.
8. The Essence of Chicken & Cordyceps provides you with the best way to keep you fit [… keep you in good health] in this fiercely competitive society in order to avoid your being eliminated.
Cordyceps is one of the unique tonics in China. Scientific research reveals that cordyceps contains various special amino acids. The Essence of Chicken & Cordyceps is manufactured from the first-class chicken and pure cordyceps powder with extra care. It is easy for users to absorb and digest. So this product is especially suitable for [beneficial to] elimination of debility and recovery from an illness because it facilitates the establishment of a balanced metabolism [because it can help to establish a balanced metabolism].
练习13
I、
1. Implicit in the preceding statements is the principle of conservation of charge. 2. Also shown on this page is [On this page is also shown] the block diagram of a color television set.
3. Only under the matched condition will the maximum output result [will there be the maximum output].
4. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current. 5. In the neck of the glass envelope is located [put] a set of electrodes called “electron gun.” 6. In the table below are listed various parameters of familiar computers. 7. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods. 8. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold [apply]. 9. Of particular importance [Especially important] are the two concepts which follow. 10. Such a set we call the mathematical system. 11. Friction makes necessary a good lubrication system. 12. We take as a second example the case shown in Fig. 5. 13. Rarely does one know this function with precision. 14. Small as atoms are, electrons are still smaller. 15. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor. 16. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted [explained]. 17. To the author it seems that the students are interested in practical applications. 18. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal. II、
1. The meter is the standard for length, the gram the standard for weight. 2. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17. 3. Port 1 is considered (as) the input, and port 2 the output. 4. The analysis of and the equations for this test set are the same as described in the preceding sections.
5. The publisher will be responsible for loss of and damage to the material. 6. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor. 7. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention. 8. The title of this paper is “Behavior of and Requirements for the Internet Firewalls.” 9. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volt. 10. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons. 11. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium. 12. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation. 13. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor. 14. When these electromagnetic waves escape from the conductor into space, they are said to be radiated by the conductor, hence the name “radio waves.” III、
1. No image is formed of the object precisely at the focal point of a converging lens. 2. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device. 3. The law is well known that to each action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 4. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force. 5. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 840 mV. 6. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor. 7. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land. 8. The forward bias results in the injection into the depletion layer of the electrons from the conduction band of the N-type material. 9. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined. 10. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature. 11. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test. 12. Cases often occur [arise] in which [where] the integration region varies with parameters. IV、
Temperature is difficult to define with precision. There are a number of properties of matter that vary with temperature. These can be used to construct thermometers——devices for measuring temperature. By measuring the color of the light it gives off, we can determine the temperature of an object. Of wider application is the fact that matter usually expands when its temperature is increased and contracts when its temperature is decreased. Two strips of different metals that are joined together bend to one side with a change in temperature, a fact (that is) employed in constructing household oven thermometers. V、
1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.
2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree [extent] superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.
3. We have obtained he result that the number of 2-edge self-complementary graphs with p vertexes is
ap = 2 (Sp(2): 1, 3, 1, 3, …)
4. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.
5. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging by using the super
resolution technique
6. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder
7. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment
8. The product is made from high quality soybeans produced in northeast China, by using the most advanced facilities and high technology. The product contains various amino acids, unsaturated fatty acid, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, inorganic salts and varied vitamins. It is characterized by high protein, low fat, no cholesterol and pure, strong smell of soybeans. It does not contain any artificial synthetic additive. So it is the best fully [completely] natural nutritious drink.
练习
14
I、
1. 主题句：第一句；结论句：最后一句。 2. 整个一小段[只有一句话]为主题句。 3. 主题句：第一句；本段没有结论句。 4. 主题句：第一句；本段没有结论句。 II、
then; Next while of course However
In general; while Hence In fact
For instance
but; However; namely [that is] Instead III、
One of the fundamental properties of matter is inertia, the Latin word “inertia” meaning laziness.
It has been observed that bodies do not change their state of rest or motion until some other body forces them to do it. It is known form experiment that a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to make it move. A book lying on a table stays there unless a force is applied to move it. It is also known that any body, once (it is) in motion, will continue to move because of its inertia. To stop it a force must be applied by any other body. IV、
1. An analysis of the EMI spectrum at the input of the SMPS and its suppression
2. Also, a quantitative expression for the effect of all these factors on the performance of the system is derived, on the basis of which an improved system is presented.
3. The performance of the system has been improved (by) 14～30dB on condition that the complexity of the system remains unchanged.
4. Measurements are generally of three groups: those made of capacitance, those made of current and those made of voltage.
5. This device can detect whether an IC functions properly or not [can detect the quality of an IC] and identify the type of an unknown chip.
6. his paper deals with the extension of the RELAX algorithm from data domain to correlation domain.
7. The principle of the digital correlator is introduced, with its spectrum de-extension performance in the spectrum extension system analyzed.
8. In using this Pascal program, all the user needs to do is (to) input the graph model of his or her applied problem so as to get its solution displayed on the computer system.
9. In this way, the area of an antenna site may be reduced to one-third that of the conventional one.
10. H and H’ must satisfy the conditions of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.6 when embedded in Fig. 5.
练习
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I、
Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies [comes; is] between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium [Silicon and germanium are in common use]. Semiconductors are quite sensitive to heat and light, both of which have a great effect on their conductivity. Therefore [Thus; So; s a result], semiconductors are widely used for automatically counting parts on conveying belts and for many other purposes. II、
1. In this case, we consider joining ξ1 andη3.
2. This new algorithm maintains the advantage of finding he optimal routes very quickly.
3. This paper presents a new approach to realizing multi-point communication with the MC145442 one-chip modem manufactured by the MOTOROLA CO.
4. Let G be an s.c. graph with 4n vertices, and then the spanning subgraph H* of G is a b.s.c. graph.
5. This circuit can be easily cascaded to obtain high-order current-mode filters.
6. It takes only 5 iterations to obtain the result by using this algorithm, which are far fewer than 250 iterations required to obtain the same result by using the traditional algorithm. 7. The features of this new algorithm are simplicity and objectivity.
8. It deserves to be further studied which nonlinear function should be selected.
9. This process is very similar to the one by which a fluid flows from one vessel through a neural network to another.
10. The test of the system was conducted at a factory in Hong Kong with satisfactory results.
练习
16
I、
1．This paper presents a new temperature-measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.
2. The results obtained indicate that this method is very effective. 3. This point remains to be further studied. 4. This problem will be discussed in the next chapter. 5. In the previous sections, we dealt with the composition of a computer. 6. It follows from this experiment that volume is inversely proportional to pressure. 7. This statement has been verified. 8. All these values of x do not satisfy the equation. 9. This depends to some extent on the bandwidth of the signal. 10. Gamma rays are entirely different in nature from alpha rays. 11. This force is due solely to the electrostatic field. 12. This kind of machine consists generally of six parts. II、
1. This new method has many advantages over those available [over the existing ones]. 2. The variation of pressure with temperature is obvious. 3. We can determine the response of the device to frequency. 4. This coefficient is defined as the ratio of a length to a length. 5. The change [conversion; transformation; turning; translation] of AC into [to] DC is very easy.
6. The exposure of the human body to the sunlight is beneficial to the health. 7. This paper deals with the effect [influence; impact] of EM waves on [upon] human bodies. 8. The preface to this book is well written. 9. The approach to measuring wind speeds has been widely adopted. 10. This paper presents initial researches on fluids. III、
1. A comparison of this method with the existing ones is made. 2. A brief introduction to several new concepts is given in this section. 3. The control of temperature is effected by the use of this device. 4. This parameter is an indication of the amount of amplification of a transistor. 5. Fig. 1-8 gives an illustration of the process of signal transmission. IV、
1. Each computer section will be introduced in detail. 2. Two other parameters are also very important. 3. This section introduces four additional kinds of instrument. 4. A robot is a special kind of electronic device. 5. We shall adopt a new set of parameters here. 6. This symbol stands for the negative battery terminal. 7. This technology has reached the advanced world level. 8. This paper presents the main theoretical developments in the 20th century. 9. Many computer applications are summarized as follows. 10. There is a long piece of wood here. V、
1. This cable has an approximate length of 20 meters. [… a length of approximately 20 meters.]
2. This piece [sheet] of paper has a width of 50 centimeters.
3. These pipes have an average length of slightly [a little; a bit] under [less than] 5 meters. 4. Diamond has an index of refraction of 2.47. 5. The moon has a radius of 1736 kilometers.
6. Light has a speed through water of 224 million meters per second.
7. Sea water has a higher [greater] content of manganese than fresh water (does). 8. Any other sea does not have as high a salt content as the Dead Sea (does). 9. China has a much larger population than any other country in the world. 10. This liquid does not have as low a freezing point as water (does).
11. Doing so has an additional [another] advantage of reducing the amount of numerical computation.
12. This battery has a negligible internal resistance.
13. The positive charge of the proton has the same magnitude as the negative charge of the electron.
14. This force has a torque arm of zero.
15. These forms have the advantage that it is easy to see how the results are affected by changing the angles.
16. CMOS gates have a much higher noise margin than TTL gates (do). VI、
1. some distilled water 2. an incorrectly designed bridge 3. the unknown substances 4. an unsolved problem 5. man-made satellites 6. amplitude-modulated signals 7. chromium-plated steel 8. wind-driven pumps 9. the instruments used 10. the number of mistakes found 11. the new racing cars 12. drawing paper 13. freely falling bodies 14. an oil-producing country 15. the boiling point 16. material thus/so tested 17. blue-lined paper 18. an acute-angled triangle 19. a wide-toothed saw 20. a three-legged stool VII、
1. This method requires a much smaller amount of computation than that one (does).
2. This device consumes much less energy that that one (does). 3. This lamp gives off much brighter light than that one. 4. We should use as simple a structure as possible.
5. It is generally possible to write down more node and loop equations than (are) needed.
6. This factory manufactures machines of good quality. 7. We have obtained satisfactory results.
8. Body A possesses more potential energy than body B.
9. This fluorescent screen displays clearer pictures than that one. 10. This book discusses many topics. VIII、
1. …… because of fairly low conductivity of the skin. 2. At temperatures greater than 80oC, …….
3. ……because of their great speed and their adequate accuracy. 4. For/With relatively large forward currents, …… 5. At/For/With constant pressure, …….
6. During compacting/compactification, (a) considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete.
7. At/On/After the completion of all tests on the unit, ……. 8. For/With small values of ω, …… IX、
1. Reduction of the charging-time constant will improve both bandwidth and sampling efficiency.
2. Operation beyond this hyperbola will result in diode power dissipation in excess of its maximum rating of 1W.
3. Application of a current pulse in the opposite direction reverses the magnetization.
4. Comparing [Comparison of] Eq. (1 – 2) with Eq. (1 – 3) shows that such a phase shift would result in system oscillation.
5. The removal of that current does not guarantee that the galvanometer will return to its initial position.
6. Substituting [Substitution of] this number in Eq. (9 – 4) yields [produces; gives; results in; leads to] the following expression.
7. Inclusion of the meter circuit in the feedback path minimizes the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance.
8. Differentiation of this equation gives the following expression. 9. Increasing the thickness of the lagging will reduce the heat losses.
10. The testing of machines by this method will entail/result in some losses of power.
11. A study of these listings will greatly help the programmer in finding any errors made in writing the program.
12. A temperature rise of 50oC [A rise in/of temperature by 50oC] would damage the device. 13. A cascade of such seven gates would yield an output of only 0.1 V. 14. The large size of the resistor makes it possible to neglect it.
15. Limited space allows only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology.
15. The deflection of electrons by an electric field is used to control the direction of an electron
stream in many electronic devices. X、
1. This fraction is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate.
2. The addition of two complex numbers is accomplished by separately adding the real and imaginary parts.
3. The/Its solution is accomplished by first finding out I1.
4. These three parameters are related by the following equation. 5. V is related to t by Eq. (1 – 1). XI、
1. This oscillator is linearly tunable over the range of 2 to 3GHz. 2. This distortion is usually acceptable.
3. The analyzer is a representation [representative] of the superheterodyne type.
4. This example is an illustration [illustrative] of the fact that an ideal inductor behaves as a short circuit to dc.
5. Isolators are useful [usable] as stabilizers. 6. This multiplier is calculable [computable].
7. Relative values of the various harmonics can be indicative of the nature of the phenomenon. 8. In most practical situations, the system output signal is not visible directly. 9. This term is descriptive of FM (frequency modulation). 10. This number is divisible by 8. XII、
1. This paper presents a new design method, with emphasis on the guidelines of thought for its derivation. It has many advantages over those available [the existing ones]. Finally [Lastly], Its application is illustrated with an example.
2. Radar is used for determining by radio echoes the presence of objects, their directions and ranges. A radar set consists mainly [chiefly; principally]of six units.
When the transmitted energy strikes an object, a portion [part] of it is reflected back, thus enabling the receiver to receive the echo and transform [convert; change; turn; translate] it into a visual [visible] signal. The timer measures the time [time period] that elapses between the transmission of the signal and the reception of its echo. The distance of the radar set from the target [from the radar set to the target] is half the time [time period] multiplied by the speed of light [half the time period times the speed of light; half the product of time period and speed of light]. XIII、
1. We can solve equation (3) for αn, thus obtaining Uo.
2. Fig. 3 shows a transmission line with a length of I and a characteristic impedance of 500 Ω.
3. Although there are many ways to produce random numbers, the procedure for producing them is quite complicated.
4. As is known, when one reads a Chinese character, he or she does not consider every detail in it.
5. We have obtained a recognition rate of 86.3%.
6. After being processed, these data are sent to the database server immediately.
7. We have also developed an algorithm for recording the changes of tables.
8. The Hash algorithm is a scheme by which data of any length can be compressed into data of a fixed length.
9. Unlike what was described in literature [reference] [2], g and u are not evenly distributed. 10. The number of times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column.
练习
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I、
1. （略）
2. David J. Minot attended the University of California, Berkeley, CA. from 1994 – 1998. He earned the BS degree in botany there in 1998, and the M. Eng. Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000. Since 2004 he has been working towards the Ph.D. degree in computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
In 1998 he served as a teaching assistant at the University of California. From 2000 to 2001 he was with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests concentrate on the development of software. II、
1. This paper outlines some problems on/about/concerning the application at home and abroad in recent years of the optimization theory in the design of antenna structures. They play an important role/part in both raising the effectiveness of designing antenna structures and improving the performance of an antenna. Also/In addition/Besides/What is more, this paper presents several problems which remain to be solved in the design of antenna structures.
2. The electric waveguide structure, with which a great number of passive and active devices have been developed, ha found various applications in millimeter-wave integrated circuits. This paper gives an introduction to the method of designing directional couplers using dielectric waveguides, with some simplified and effective formulae presented. Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example.
3. This device can identify whether an IC functions properly or not and it can determine the type of an unknown chip. It can test as many as more than 700 kinds of IC. It is characterized by easy operation, high testing speed and great portability. Its price is only about one-third that of the imported product of its kind/the same kind.
4. Mercury is the smallest of the nine major planets. Its average distance from the sun is approximately 57.5 million kilometers. It takes only 88 days to complete one revolution. Its mass is one-twenty-ninth that of the earth. It has no atmosphere. III、
1. To reduce the interval between elements, it is necessary to increase the number of elements of the array.
2. It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined./What is important is how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern.
3. δandδe can be obtained from Eqs. (3) and (4).
4. For every point, there are only two features available.
5. There are two factors controlling the diffusive signal process: (1) the diffusive signal, which can be a brightness signal or a motion-matching signal; (2) the position of the diffusive signal, which determines where the diffusive process starts.
6. The following concept is one of the basic principles on which the neural system is based. 7. There are some basic differences between this system and the BSC.
8. A method to increase the accuracy of range alignment by applying the forward-backward linear prediction is presented. IV、
For the convenience of discussion, let the projection vector be the Z-axis, and therefore, the corresponding Y-axis is the cross-range axis.
A method for reducing the cross terms of WVD effectively but having a little effect upon signal terms is presented in this paper. Because each signal term has the characteristic of a straight line in the Wigner plane, signal terms appear as sharp peaks and cross terms are distributed in a wide area when the signal is transformed into the Hough plane.
From Fig. 4, we can see that the two signals’ auto-terms look like a butterfly and that cross terms’ magnitudes are low and distributed in a wide area. The WVD slice at the moment t = 0 restored by integration according to Eq. (10) may basically keep the principal components of the signal and reduce the cross term greatly. Furthermore, for multiple signals with almost an equal magnitude and different parameters, the RWT filtered in the Radon-Wigner plane will have /produce sharp peaks at the corresponding points.
Because of the fact that the strong suppresses the weak, in principle, the next component cannot be determined precisely. If we eliminate the component z 1(t) from z (t), the second component may stand out. How can we eliminate z1(t)?
The radar works in the C-band. The targets are AN-26 and YAK-42 aircraft.
练习 18
I、
1. Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs. / By frequency is meant the rate at which something happens.
2. Gravity is a force which pulls an object towards the center of the earth. / By gravity is meant the force which ….
3. A tape-recorder is a machine /a tool/an instrument which records sounds. 4. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.
5. Linear operation is defined as the ability of an amplifier to amplify signal with no distortion. / By linear operation is meant the ability ….
6. Elasticity is defined as the tendency of an object to return to its original state after being deformed. / By elasticity is meant the tendency ….
7. An isosceles triangle is a triangle/ one having two equal sides/having two sides equal in length/with two sides equal in length.
8. An electron is a particle with a mass of 9.107×10– 18 gram.
9. The S/N ratio is defined as the ratio of signal to noise. 10. A laboratory is a place where experiments are made. II、
1. This paper discusses some of the problems facing/concerning/connected with the nonsinusoidal electromagnetic wave radiation. At present, This system is low in efficiency, not high enough in signal fidelity, and not so good in directivity so that its applications/the areas for applications are limited.
2. The wavelet theory has so unique an advantage that it has found wide applications in many fields of engineering. Since this is the development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, it can, in principle, be used [A development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, this theory can, in principle, be used] where the traditional Fourier analysis is applicable. What is more, better results may be obtained on account of the fact that this theory overcomes the shortcomings of the Fourier analysis. III、
1. A single process is enough for us/one to obtain a satisfactory/satisfying result. 2. This method imposes few limitations on the kinds of engineering drawings.
3. Because of the great difference in characteristic between these symbols, they are processed in different ways.
4. For these reasons, it is desirable for a computer to separate the text from the image. 5. The wavelet transform is well adapted to characterizing transient phenomena.
6. These variations are so small that they can be neglected/so small as to be neglected.
7. This is beneficial not only to distinguishing signal terms from each other, but also to reducing cross terms.
8. Is it possible for us to construct an LFM signal? IV、
In recent years, great progress has been made in optical character reading technology, in which the image to be recognized may be mixed with a text, a graph, or a gray picture. The original binary image usually contains more than one kind of information symbol.
In this paper the text/graphics seapartion problem in the recognition of binary drawings has been discussed. By engineering drawing we mean a mechanical drawing, a geographic map, a program chart, etc. Conventional research work on text/graphics separation is described in literature [1]-[7].
The text should be printed, and it should seldom touch graphics. It is preferably written vertically or horizontally, not in any other direction. The text should not contain any Chinese characters. These assumptions limit the applications greatly/a great deal/a lot. The interactive modification will have to be made, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming.
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