英语复习提纲.doc

1、名词的种类 普通名词：eg: boy, girl, school„„ 1）可数名词[C]:eg: egg, bag, bike„„ 2）不可数名词[U]:eg: food（一些），music, information,

（一类的）,meat（一类的），专有名词:eg: China, the Great Wall„„ traffic, advice, time, money, drink

news, paper, friendship„„（不可数名词不直接与数词连用，谓语动词用但三形式）

单数 2、名词的数 1）直接+s eg: vegetables, cars, teachers„„

名词单复数规则变化 2）以s, x, sh,ch结尾的+es eg: boxes, washes, matches„„

复数 3）以辅y结尾的去y+ies eg: strawberries, bodies, babies„„ 4）以f，fe结尾的去f，fe+ves eg: knives, leaves„„ 5）以o结尾的，有生命的+es，无生命的+s eg: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, radios„„ 不规则变化：1）单复数同形eg: fish, sheep„„ 2）man—men

3）oo—ee eg:tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese„„ 4）mouse—mice

5）child—children„„

1）单数名词：直接+‟s eg: Mary‟s, my mother‟s

3、名词的格：名词所有格

2）复数名词：以“s”结尾的，+ ‟，不以“s”结尾的+‟s eg: teachers‟, children‟s

3）表示两人共有的：在第二个人后+‟s eg: Mary and Lily‟s mom

4）表示不为两人共有：在名词后各加‟s eg: Tom‟s and Bob‟s room

5）有生命的+‟s，无生命的用of eg: my mother‟s book

the book of my mother‟s

4、名词作定语 一般名词作定语用原形eg: one apple tree—two apple trees 其他情况：eg: sports shoes, a man doctor—two men doctors

二、冠词

定冠词：the

不定冠词：a，an（看音标）

1、不定冠词的用法：

1）用在可数名词单数前，指人或事物的某一类或首次提到的人或物 eg: a boy, a man, a book„„； 2）表示“一”这个数量，但是数的概念没有“one”那么强；

3）序数词+a/an，表示又一，再一 eg: Would you like a second cup of tea?

4）用于单数名词前，泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人何物 eg: He works in a school.

5）放在时间、速度、价格、重量等意义的名词前有“每一”的意思 eg: He goes to Beijing twice a month. 6）特殊结构eg: a pair of, a piece of, a bottle of„„ 2、定冠词的用法：

1）特指某人或某物 eg: the man, the woman, the kid„„；

2）用于上文提到过的人或事物前 eg: I bought a book yesterday. The book is interesting. 3）用于谈话双方都知道的人或事物前eg: Who is the girl?

4）用在世界上独一无二的事物前eg: the Great Wall, the White House„„； 5）用在形容词最高级或序数词前eg: The third people.„„ 6）用于江河湖海等专有名词前eg: the yellow river„„

7）用在由普通名词变成的专有名词前eg: the Great Wall„„ 8）用在方位名词前eg: the western part of„„

9）用在西洋乐器前 eg: play the piano, play the guitar„„

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10）“the”+形容词，表示一类人或事物eg: the rich, the poor, the old, the young„„ 11）“the”+姓氏+s eg: the Greens, The Greens are having dinner. 12）“the”+比较级，“the”+比较级（表示越„„越„„）eg: the harder, the batter 13）特殊用法eg：in the evening„„ 3、零冠词（词前不加”the”的情况） 1）专有名词前 eg: Beijing, China„„；

2）用名词复数表示一类人或一类事物的时候eg: Bikes are useful.；

3）名词前有形容词性物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词、名词所有格的时候eg：my book , this cat„„； 4）三餐、球类、棋类、季节、月份、星期、语言、学科、节日前；eg：have breakfast, play basketball„„； 5）家庭成员名称前eg：mother, father, grandmother, grandfather„„； 6）by+交通工具前eg：by bike, by bus, by plane„„； 7）固定短语eg：at night„„

三、代词

1、人称代词 主格：I, you, he, she, we, you, they（作主语）

宾格：me, you, him, her, us, you, them（跟在介词后或动词后作宾语）

形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, their（后面跟名词）

2、物主代词 名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs（后面不跟名词）

3、反身代词：myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 反身代词的作用：1）表强调：eg：I can do it myself.

2）作宾语：eg：Take good care of yourself.

3）特殊用法：eg：enjoy oneself, hurt oneself, help oneself, dress oneself, teach oneself„„ 4、指示代词：this, that, these, those

指示代词的用法：1）用在电话用语中：eg：This is Kangkang speaking.

2）用that/those代替已知事物：eg：The roads here are cleaner than those in my hometown. 5、疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, where„„（构成特殊疑问句） 6、不定代词：

1）some（用于肯定句），any（用于否定或疑问句，但表示请求或建议并希望得到肯定回答时用some）。 2）many+可数名词复数，much+不可数名词 3）a few+可数名词复数，a little+不可数名词 4）both（两者都），all（三者都）， none（三者都不），neither（两者都不）。 5）each（两者或以上的每一个），either（两者中的任意一个）。 6）one（表示“一个”，指代上文提到的人或物） 7）another（表示三者或以上的“其他的”），other（表示其他的），others（表示没有范围的“其他人”）， one„„the other（表示一个„„另一个），some others（表示无范围的“一些另一些”）， the others（表示有范围的“一些„„另一些”）。

8）复合不定代词：something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere„„（作主语是，谓语动词用单数形式，形容词和不定式放其后） 7、连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, where„„（在从句中使用）

四、形容词（adj.）副词（adv.）：

1、形容词：表示人或事物的特征。 1）作定语eg：He is a clever boy.

2）作表语：eg： He looks young. He seems happy.

3）作宾补：eg：We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 2、副词：表示时间、地点、程度、方式等 1修饰动词：eg：He speaks English well. The students are listening to the teacher carefully. ○1）作状语 2修饰形容词：eg：He is quite old. ○ 3修饰副词：eg：He runs too fast. ○

4修饰句子：eg：Luckily he didn‟t hurt himself ○

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2）作表语：eg：Is Bill in?

3）作定语：eg：The people here are friendly. 3、常用的形容词后缀：

—able eg：comfort—comfortable„„ —en eg：wool—woolen„„ —ern eg：south—southern„„ —ful eg：beauty—beautiful„„ —ly eg：love—lovely„„ —y eg：cloud—cloudy„„ —ent eg：differ—different„„ 4、形容词变副词：

1）直接加ly：eg：poor—poorly„„ 2）以辅音结尾，把y改i+ly：eg：happy—happily, easy—easily„„ 3）以辅音结尾加le结尾，改le为ly：eg：possible—possibly, terrible—terribly, true—truly（特殊情况）„„ 4）形容词副词同形：eg：far, long, late, early, hard, high„„5、形容词、副词的等级（原级、比较级、最高级）：

直接+er\\est eg：long—longer—longest„„

以不发音e结尾的+r\\st eg：large—larger—largest„„ 单音节

1）规则变形

以辅音+y结尾的，改y为i+er\\est eg：busy—busier—busiest„„

重读闭音节的单词，双写结尾+er\\est eg：big—bigger—biggest„„

（记忆口诀：大红湿热胖瘦悲哀）

多音节和部分双音节：单词前+more\\most eg：beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful

2）不规则变形：

good, well—better—best bad, badly, ill—worse—worst many, much—more—most

little—less—least far—farther—farthest（具体意义） far—further—furthest（抽象意义） old—older—oldest（指年龄大） old—elder—eldest（指辈分大） 6、三个等级的用法 1在没有比较的情况下（修饰词：very, quite）eg：He is a tall boy. ○1）原级的用法 ○2在同级比较的情况下：as„„as（用于肯定句），not as\\so„„as（用于否定句）eg：He is as tall as me.

2）比较级的用法：用于A比B„„的情况下（与than连用） eg：He is taller than me. 1与of, among连用 eg：He is the tallest of us. ○3）最高级的用法 2特殊疑问词+动词+最高级 eg：Who make most successfully. ○ 3the+序数词+最高级 eg：He is the second tallest student in our class. ○

4)比较级和最高级的转换 eg：He is taller than the other students in our class.

He is taller than another student in our class. He is the tallest student in our class.

5）more and more+比较级（表示越来越„„）eg：The city is becoming more and more beautiful.

6）the+比较级，the+比较级（表示越„„越„„）eg：The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you make. 7）特殊疑问词+动词+比较级eg：Which do you like better spring or summer? 8）the+比较级+of the two（表示两者中比较）eg：Who is the taller of the two? 9）修饰比较级、最高级的形容词eg：much, quite, a little, a lot, even„„

10）倍数、分数、百分数、小数„„+as+形容词\\副词+as（表示某物和某物的 [几倍、几分之几、百分之几„„]一样[大、小、高、长„„]）eg：My house is one third as big as yours.

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五、动词（v.）

及物动词（vt.）+宾语 eg：read books

实意动词：有实际意义的动词 不及物动词（vt.）不直接+宾语 eg：look at the blackboard 1）be动词 1、动词的分类 2）四个“变得”：become, get, turn, go 连系动词 3）五个“起来”：look, smell, sound, taste, feel 4）seem, keep, stay, remain 现在进行时、过去进行时、被动语态：be动词；

助动词（帮助构成时态、语态，疑问句） 一般现在时：do, dose；

一般过去时：did；

1）can表能力、分正式许可、

现在完成时：have, has

推测；

过去完成时：had

2）could表委婉、过去的能力

情态动词 一般将来时：will

3）may表请求、许可或谈论

过去将来时：would

可能性；

4）must表必要性，指说话人的主观看法（否定回答用needn‟t\\don‟t have to），或表示极大

的可能性；

5）have to表示客观要做的事、必须、不得不；

6）shall表建议，征求对方的意见；

7）should表示应该；

8）need表示需要。

原形 1）直接+s； eg：play—plays„„

单三形式 2）以s, x, sh, ch结尾的+es； eg：teach—teaches„„

3）以辅音+y结尾的去y+ies； eg：study—studies„„ 2、动词的形式 4）不规则 eg：have—has„„

1）直接+ing eg：sing—singing„„

现在分词

2）去e+ing eg：dance—dancing„„

3）双写结尾+ing eg：swim—swimming„„

4）不规则 eg：die—dying，tie—tying，lie—lying

1）直接+ed eg：listen—listened„„

过去式 2）以e结尾的直接+d eg：dance—danced„„

3）以辅音+y结尾的去y+ied eg：study—studied„„ 4）重读闭音节，双写结尾+ed eg：stop—stopped„„ 5）不规则 eg：eat—ate„„

1）规则变化同过去式 eg：cook—cooked—cooked„„

过去分词

2）不规则变化 eg：break—broke—broken„„ 3、动词的时态

1）一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的状态或动作（有时间规律发生的事件）的一种时间状态。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+be动词\\动词+其他 eg：I am happy.

否定句：主语+be动词\\助动词+not+其他 eg：I am not happy. 一般疑问句：Be动词\\助动词+其他 eg：Are you happy? 一般疑问句回答：Yes，主语+be动词\\助动词.（肯定回答） eg：Yes, I am. No，主语+be动词\\助动词+not（否定回答） eg：No, I am not. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：How does he go to school everyday? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+be动词\\动词+其他（根据实际情况回答） eg：He goes to school on foot.

1表示经常性或习惯性的动作 eg：I go to school everyday. 用法：○

2表示普遍真理 eg：The earth goes around the sun. ○

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3表示在现在时间里所发生的动作 eg：Here comes the bus. ○

4用在时间状语从句中表将来 eg：I‟ll call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. ○

2）一般过去时：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+was, were\\did+其他 eg：He was ill. 否定句：主语+was, were\\did+ not+其他 eg：He wasn‟t ill. 一般疑问句：Was, Were\\Did+主语+ +其他 eg：Was he ill? 一般疑问句回答：Yes，主语+was, were\\did（肯定回答） eg：Yes, he was. No，主语+was, were\\did+ not（否定回答） eg：No, he wasn‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：Where did he go yesterday? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+was, were\\did+其他（根据实际情况回答）eg：He went to the park.

1表示过去发生的动或状态 eg：He read a book just now. 用法：○

2表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与often，always等频度副词连用 ○

eg：We often went to school by bus in the past.

3）现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或状态。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+be动词+doing+其他 eg：I am running, now.

否定句：主语+be动词+not+ doing+其他 eg：I am not running, now. 一般疑问句：Be动词+主语+doing+其他 eg：Are you running, now? 一般疑问句回答：Yes，主语+be动词（肯定回答） eg：Yes, I am. No，主语+be动词（否定回答） eg：No, I am not.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句+一般疑问句 eg：What are you doing now? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+be动词+doing+其他（根据实际情况回答） eg：I am running now.

1表示说话时刻正在进行的动作 eg：Are you writing to your friend now? 用法：○

2表示现阶段正在进行的动作或状态 eg：We‟re working on the farm these days. ○

3表示位置移动的动词，如：come，go，leave，arrive，fly等，可用现在进行时表将来 ○

eg：They‟re leaving for England tomorrow.

4）过去进行时：表示过去在某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+was, were+ doing+其他 eg：I was taking shower at this time yesterday. 否定句：主语+was, were+ not+ doing+其他 eg：I wasn‟t taking shower at this time yesterday. 一般疑问句：Was, Were+主语+ doing+其他 eg：Were you taking shower at this time yesterday? 一般疑问句回答：Yes,主语+was, were（肯定回答） eg：Yes, I was. No,主语+was, were+ not（否定回答） eg：No, I wasn‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：What were you doing at this time yesterday? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+was, were+ doing+其他（根据实际情况回答）eg：I was taking shower. 用法：表示过去某一时间或某一时间段正在进行的事

eg：I was doing my homework while my sister was watching TV.

5）一般将来时：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+will(be动词+going to)+动词（原形）+其他 eg：I will be a doctor when I grow up. 否定句：主语+won‟ t( be动词+not+ going to )+动词（原形）+其他 eg：I won‟t be a doctor when I grow up. 一般疑问句：Will(Be动词)+主语+(going to)+动词（原形）+其他 eg：Will you be a doctor when you grow up? 一般疑问句回答：Yes, 主语+will(be动词)（肯定回答） eg：Yes, I will.

No, 主语+won‟t(be动词+not)（否定回答） eg：No, I won‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：What will you be when you grow up? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+will(be动词+going to)+动词（原形）+其他（根据实际情况回答）eg：I will go be a doctor. 用法：表示将要发生的动作或状态 eg：Where will you go tomorrow? 6）过去将来时：表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。

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句子结构：

肯定句：主语+would(was/were+ going to)+动词（原形）+其他 eg：I knew you would agree. 否定句：主语+wouldn‟t(was/were+ not+ going to)+动词（原形）+其他 eg：I knew you wouldn‟t agree. 一般疑问句：Would(Was/Were)+主语+(going to)+动词（原形）+其他 eg：She was seven. Would she be eleven, after four years?

一般疑问句回答：Yes, 主语+would(was/were)（肯定回答） eg：Yes, she would. No, 主语+wouldn‟t(wasn‟t/weren‟t)（否定回答） eg：No, she wouldn‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：What would the kitten be like? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+would(was/were+ going to)+动词（原形）+其他（根据实际情况回答） eg：The kitten would be like a big fat cat.

用法：表示从过去某一时刻看讲义发生的动作 eg：He said he would be a teacher when he grow up. 7）现在完成时：表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果和现在有联系或持续到现在。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+ have\\has+ done+其他 eg：I have already finished my homework. 否定句：主语+ have\\has+ not+ done+其他 eg：I haven‟t already finished my homework. 一般疑问句：Have\\Has+主语+ done +其他 eg：Have you already finish your homework? 一般疑问句回答：Yes, 主语+ have\\has（肯定回答） eg：Yes, I have. No, 主语+ have\\has+ not（否定回答） eg：No,I haven‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：Which movie have you seen, yet? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+ have\\has+ done+其他（根据实际情况回答）eg：The Sound of Music.

1表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和动作。eg：I have already seen the film. 用法：○

2表示从过去的某一时刻一直持续到现在的动作。eg：I have worked in this school since 1998. ○

8）过去完成时：表示过去某一时间或动作以前，已经发生或完成了的动作对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。 句子结构：

肯定句：主语+ had+ done+其他 eg：When I arrived at the station, the train had left. 否定句：主语+ had+ not+ done+其他 eg：When I arrived at the station, the train hadn‟t left. 一般疑问句：Had+主语+ done+其他 eg：Had the train left, when you arrived at the station? 一般疑问句回答：Yes, 主语+ had（肯定回答） eg：Yes, it had. No, 主语+ had+ not（否定回答） eg：No, it hadn‟t.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 eg：What had it looked like when you saw it? 特殊疑问句回答：主语+ had+ done+其他（根据实际情况回答）eg：It looked like a flower.

用法：表示在某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。 eg：When I arrived at school, I realized I had left my homework at home. 4、动词的语态 时态 主动语态 例句 被动语态 主语+be动词+done+( by+宾语) 例句 The piano is played by me. Themselves must be taken care of by them. Trees were planted by us. 主语+动词原形\\单三形式 I play the piano. 一般现在时 主语+情态动词+动词原形 主语+动词过去式 一般过去时 主语+情态动词(过去式)+动词原形 主语+will+动词原形 一般将来时 主语+be动词+going to do 主语+would+动词原形 They must take care 主语+情态动词+be+done+(by+宾of themselves. 语) We planted trees. 主语+was\\were+done+(by+宾语) They could wash 主语+情态动词(过去式) Dishes could be washed by dishes. them. +be+done+(by+宾语) I will make the bed. 主语+will+be+done+(by+宾语) The bed will be made by me. I‟m going to fly 主语+be动词+going to Kites is going to be flew by kites. me. do+be+done+(by+宾语) I would read books. 主语+ would+be+done+(by+宾语) Books would be read by me. to The tree was going to be cut down by me. 过去将来时 主语+was\\were+going to I was going to cut 主语+was\\were+going do down the tree. do+be+done+(by+宾语) 6

现在进行时 主语+be动词+doing 过去进行时 主语+was\\were+doing 现在完成时 主语+have\\has+done 过去完成时 主语+had+done I‟m eating the fish. I was singing songs. 主语+be动词+being+done+(by+宾语) 主语+was\\were+being+done+(by+宾语) The fish is being ate by me. Songs was being sung by me. A letter has written by him. She said her work had been finished by her.

He has written a 主语+have\\has+been+done+(by+letter. 宾语) She said she had finished her work. 主语+had+been+done+(by+宾语) 5、非谓语动词 谓语动词：受人称、时态、数量、语态影响。 动词 作主语 eg：It‟s necessary for us to get up early. 1）动词不定式 作宾语 eg：I agree to buy a car. (常见搭配单词：agree, would like, want, plan, need, try, wish, learn, like, love, begin, decide, forget, hope, promise, refuse, manage„„+to do sth.) 非谓语动词 作宾补 eg：The policeman told the children not to play on the stree.(常见搭配 单词：advice, allow, teach, tell, ask, incourage, would like, like, wish, warn„„+sb. to do sth.) 作表语 eg：My task is to make a poster. 作定语 eg：I want something to eat 作状语 eg：Doctors did what he could to save the children. 作主语 eg：Running is good for your health. 2）动名词（v. -ing） 作宾语 eg：I like reading.(常见搭配单词：avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, keep, like, mind, practice, love, hate, prefer, worth, be used to, can‟t help, remember, feel like, have fun, have difficult, have trouble, 介词„„+doing) 作表语 eg：His favorite sport is swimming. 作定语 eg：swimming pool, reading room, dining room„„ 现在分词：表主动或进行 3）分词 过去分词：表被动或完成 六、数词 1、基数词： 1）用于数字的编号 eg：room 306 2）表示时间 eg：ten past two 3）表示年龄 eg：six years old 4）用于加减乘除 eg：three and five is eight 5)表示倍数（三倍或以上） eg：Our classroom is three times as long as yours. 6）表述年份 eg：in 1998 7）表示年代 eg：in the 1990s 8）表示小数 eg：7 point 5 9）表示百分数 eg：eighty percent of 10）与名词构成复合形容词eg：a three-year-old boy 2、序数词： 1）用于事物的编号 eg：the first lesson 2）用在世纪前 eg：in the 21st century 3）表示日期 eg：on July first 4）表示分数 eg：two thirds 5）表示倍数（一倍或二倍）eg：He has twice as many books as I have. 6）表示某人几十几岁时（后+s）eg：In his fifths, his hair started to turn grey. 七、介词 表示时间的介词： in：1）用在世纪、年份、月份、季节、不确定的早晨、中午、晚上前。eg：in the morning„„ 2）表示在„„之后，+一段时间（多用于将来时）。 eg：We‟ll send it to you in 20 minutes. on：1）用在特指或具体的上、下午、晚上前 eg：on the morning of the May 1st„„ 2）用在具体日期前 eg：on July twenty-sxth„„ 3）用在星期、节日前 eg：on Monday, on Teachers‟ Day„„ at：1）用在点钟、中午、晚上前 eg：at noon, at one o‟clock„„ 7

2）用在特定词组中 eg：at the end of„„

by：表示在„„之前\\到„„为止，常与完成时连用eg：We had learnt 2 thousand words by the end of last tern. for：+一段时间，常与含延续性动词的完成时连用 eg：I‟ll stay in Shanghai for a week.

since：1）+具体过去的时间点 eg：I have worked in this school since 1998. 2）+时间段+ago eg：My grandmother has lived in Beijing since 50 years ago. 3）+一般过去时的句子 eg：He has taught us math since I came to this school during：表示在„„期间 eg：I enjoy myself during summer holiday. before：表示在„„之前（既可作连词又可作介词） eg：He had finished his work before I came home. after：表示在„„之后（既可作连词又可作介词） eg：You should wash clothes after I go out. 表示地点的介词：

at：1）用在小地点前 eg：at the school gate„„

2）用在门牌号前 eg：at 306 Room

on：1）表示一个物体放在另一个物体上（有接触面） eg：There is a apple on the desk.

2）表示紧邻有接壤 eg：Canada is on the south of the USA. 3）表示在左边\\在右边 eg：on the left/right of 4）用在路名前 eg：on Nanjing Road in：1）用在大地点前 eg：in Beijing

2）表示在„„范围之内 eg：Beijing is in the north of China. 3）表示在第几排、组、行 eg：in the first row

to：1）表示没有接壤 eg：French is to the south of England.

2）表示目的地或去的目的 eg：the way to the library over（反义词：under）：表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系，即正上方。 eg：There is a bridge over the river. above（反义词：below）：表示高于，在„„之上。 eg：There is a clock his bed. under（反义词：over）：表示在„„下面 eg：There is a chair under the table. across：表示从表面上穿过 eg：go across the street.

through：表示从立体空间上穿过 eg：I walk through the forest. below（反义词：above）：表示低于，在„„下面 eg：The red book is below the blue one. 其他介词：

of：1）表示所属关系 eg：the window of the classroom

2）表示材质（看得出原材料） eg：The clothes is made of silk. from：1）从„„来 eg：He is from America.

2）从„„到/去 eg：Can you count from one to ten? 3）表示材质（看不见原材料） eg：The paper is made from wood. in：表示用„„语言、„„声调说，有着„„颜色，穿着„„衣服。 eg：Lily is in a red dress today.

with：1）表示和„„一起 eg：I‟d like to go shopping with my mom. 2）表示用某种工具 eg：I write with a pen. by：表示用、以、靠 eg：I go to school by bus. on：表示使用无线电工具 eg：order by phone

between：指在两者之间 eg：Lily is between you and me. among：表示三者或以上的之间 eg：He is the tallest among us. beside：除了„„之外（包括在内） eg：Beside Lily, Mary and Tom are reading the book. expect：除了„„之外（不包括在内） eg：Except Bill, other students in our class are Chinese.

八、连词

1、并列连词：

1）表示联合关系的：and, both, and, not only„„but also（就近原则）, as well as（就近原则）, neither„„nor „„ 2）表示选择关系的：or, either„„or（就远原则）„„ 3）表示转折关系的：but, while, however„„ 4）表示因果关系的：because, so„„ 2、从属连词

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引导状语从句的连词

九、句子

时间状语从句：when, while, as, before, until, as soon as, not until, since„„ 条件状语从句：if, unless, if„„not „„ 目的状语从句：so that, in order that„„ 原因状语从句：because, since, as, for„„ 结果状语从句：so„„that, such„„that „„

让步状语从句：though, although, even though, even if„„

比较状语从句：than, as„„as, not „„as„„as, not„„so„„as „„

宾语从句：that（陈述句）, if, whether（一般疑问句）[句中有or not、不定式、介词，用whether.]

特殊疑问词（特殊疑问句）

1）主语+谓语（S+V） eg：The sun is rising. 1、六种基本句型

2）主语+谓语+宾语（S+V+O） eg：He knows everthng.

3）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+V+O+OC） eg：It makes me happy.

4）主语+谓语+间宾+直宾（S+V+IO+DO） eg：Pass me the ball.

5）主语+系动词+表语（S+V+P） eg：It tastes delicious.

6）There be„„ eg：There are fifty-six students in our class.

肯定句eg：I‟m a student. 1）陈述句

否定句eg：I‟m not a student.

2、句子的种类 2）疑问句 一般疑问句eg：Have you ever been to Beijing?

特殊疑问句eg：What‟s your name?

选择疑问句eg：Does he like Mary or Lucy?

反义疑问句：（陈述句+简短的疑问句）[句子前肯后否，前否后肯，句子回答按陈述句的实

事回答，将来时中，除了let‟s用shall we其他都用will you eg：Let‟s do to the zoo, shall we? 3）祈使句：省略主语you，谓语动词用原形，表示否定时用don‟t，回答用将来时。eg：Come in please.

1how+ adj.+主语+谓语 eg：How beautiful the girl is! ○ 4）感叹句 ○2what+ a/an+ adj.+ n.（中心词落在n.上） eg：What an interesting movie! 3what+ adj.+ n.([C]n.复数/[U]n.) eg：What delicious food! ○ 5）并列句：由并列连词将两个简单句连在一起eg：He is a doctor and he is kind to his patients. 时间状语从句（主将从现）eg：I‟ll call you as soon as I arrive Beijing. 状语从句 条件状语从句（主将从现） eg：You won‟t pass the exam unless you study hard . 原因状语从句 eg：You can‟t go to swim because it‟s raining heavily outside. 6）复合句 目的状语从句 eg：You must study hard in order that you can pass the exam.

让步状语从句 eg：Everyone isn‟t late for school though it rains so heavily today.

比较状语从句 eg：She is as tall as me.

结果状语从句 eg：He is so kind that everyone in the school likes him.

1引导词：that（陈述句）, if, whether（一般疑问句）[句中有or not、不定式、○ 介词，用whether.]，殊疑问词（特殊疑问句）。 宾语从句 2语序：用陈述句语序（主语+谓语）eg：I don‟t know if he will come. ○ 3时态：若主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际用各种时态eg：He says he is a ○ student.；若主句是过去时，从句应变为对应的过去时（主过从过） eg：He said he was a student.；若从句是客观真理，时态则用一般现 在时eg：My teacher said the earth goes around the sun.。 4人称：由直接引语变为间接引语。○（口诀：一随主，二随宾，三不更新） eg：She asks me “What should I do?” She asks me what she should do. She asks me “Where are you from?” She asks me where I „m from. She asks me “Who are they?” She asks me who they are. 3、主谓一致 there be eg：There‟re five apple on the desk. 1）就近一致原则：即谓语的单复数取决于离谓语最近的单复数形式 either or eg：Either you or he is right. 2）意义一致原则：即主、谓语在意义上保持一致 neither nor eg：Neither he nor I like country music. 1表示时间、金钱、距离、长度、重量作主语时通畅看作一个整体， ○not only„„but alo 谓语动词用单数。eg：Ten dollars is enough. eg：Not only you but also he will go to Beijing.

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2以s结尾的名词,如:news, politics, physics等，○本身不表示复数意义时，谓语动词用单数。eg：The news is interesting. 3the+ adj.表示一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。eg：The old are taken good care of in our country. ○

4family, class, team, group等集体名词作主语时，若指整体，谓语动词用单数，若指成员，谓语动词用复数。 ○

eg：His family is a big one. His family are watching TV now.

5police, people等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。eg：The police are searching the lost boy. ○

6a number of指许多，○谓语动词用复数eg：A number of students are playing on the playground.；the number of表示„„的数量，谓语动词用单数eg：The number of pandas are becoming more and more small.

7all, none, some, most, any, the rest,百分数、分数等作主语时，若是复数概念，则谓语动词用复数，若是单数概念，○

则谓语动词用单数。eg：All the food tastes good. All are here. 8the writer and the teacher指两个人（作家和老师）○，the writer and teacher指同一个人（既是作家又是老师）。 3）语法一致原则

1主语后有with, together with, as well as, without, including, besides, except, but等引导的短语作插入语时，谓语动词○

要与主语一致，而与插入语无关。eg：Mary with her mother is shopping now. 2非谓语动词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg：Staying up late is bad for our health. ○

3从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg：What you wear depends on your likes and dislikes. ○

4shoes, glasses, clothes, trousers, pants, socks, jeans, gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数（有量词时，看量词） ○

eg：Socks feel soft. This pair of shoes is beautiful.

5不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg：Nothing in the newspapers is interesting. ○

6在定语从句中，谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。eg：This is the boy who wants to see you. ○

另：so+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语（表示某人的情况也是如此）。

eg：I watched TV last night. ——So did I.

If you want to go to see the movie this evening, so will I.

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