2014年职称英语复习

The car’s sensors check（检查） odors（气味） inside the car and monitor（监控） a driver’s sweat（汗液） for traces of alcohol（探测酒精度）.An in-car computer system can issue an alert（发出报警） or even lock up （锁住）the ignition（引擎） system if the driver seems over-the-limit（超速）.The air odor sensors are fixed firmly（牢牢固定） and deeply in the driver and passenger seats（座位），while a detector（传感器） in the gear-shift knob（换挡把手） measures（测量） perspiration （汗）from the driver’s palm.

Other carmakers have developed similar(类似的) detection（探测） systems. For example，Sweden’s Volvo has developed（安装） a breathalyzer attached（附加） to a car’s seat belt（安全带） that drivers must blow into before the engine（发动机） will start.

Nissan’s new concept vehicle（新型概念车） also includes a dashboard-mounted（仪表盘） camera（照相机） that tracks（探测） a drivers alertness（机敏） by monitoring their eyes.It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest3.

The car technology is still in development，but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination（混合） of different detection systems should improve（提高） the overall effectiveness of the technology. “For example，if the gear-shift （换挡）sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver，the facial recognition（识别） system would still be used,” Doi says.Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system，but aims to use technology to cut（消减） the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015.

The car’s seat belt（安全带） can also tighten（收紧） if drowsiness（探测） is detected（昏昏欲睡），while an external camera（外部照相机） checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly. However，Doi admits（承认）that some of the technology，such as the alcohol odor sensor，should be improved（改进）.“If you

drink one beer，it’s going to register（记录），so we need to study what’s the appropriate level（合适的水平） for the system to activate,” he says.

In the UK,some research groups are using similar advanced（类似先进的） techniques to understand driver behavior（行为） and the effectiveness（有效地） of different road designs.

第六篇 Making Light of Sleep 不要太在意睡眠

All we have a clock located（位于） inside our brains. Similar（类似）to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock（生物钟） runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm（生理节奏），helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep. Somewhere around puberty（青春期），something happens in the timing（定时方面） of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward（提前），so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body（身体） may be pushing（驱使） you to stay up（熬夜） for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.

This shift（调整） is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync（同步） with the cycle（周期） of light and dark. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud（提不起精神） when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI .It affects their mood（情绪） and their ability（能力） to think and learn.

But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset（调整）. In fact，it automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.

Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize（同步） the body's clock were handled through the same pathways（路径） that we use to see（视觉系统）.

But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate（分开的） light-sensing（感光） systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.

Eiffel Is an Eyeful（引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔）

Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming（改变） the most French of monuments（法国的纪念碑） into（变成） symbol（标志） of a world on the move.

With Paris laid out in miniature below，it seems strange that visitors （观光者）would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view（美景）. But the graffiti also raises（引起） a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased（终止） to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular（受欢迎）?

The reasons are as complex（复杂的） as the iron work that graces a structure（建筑） some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt（毫无疑问）, its agelessness（永恒）. Regularly maintained（按时维修）, it should never rust（生锈） away. Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.

\"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic（象征性）”，says Hugues Richard,a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching（接触） the floor with his feet. \"It's iron lady，It inspires（激励） us ”， he says.

But to what? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose（目的）. It ceased（终止） to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic（疯狂） builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics（空气动力学）and radio communication（无线电交流）. But in essence（本质上） the tower inspires（赋予灵感） simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph（工程上的巨大成就）. For lovers, it's romantic.

\"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.

第七篇：Sugar Power for Cell Phones 糖为手机充电

Using enzymes（酶） commonly（普通） found in living cells, a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar. If the technology is able to succeed in mass production, you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone. In fuel cells, chemical reactions（化学反应） generate electrical currents（产生电流）. The process（过程） usually relies（依赖） on precious metals, such as platinum. In living cells, enzymes perform（发挥） a similar job（类似的作用）, breaking down（分解） sugars to obtain（得到） electrons and produce energy.

When researchers previously（以前的） used enzymes in fuel cells, they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D. Minteer of St Louis University1. Whereas biological cells（生物细胞） continually produce fresh enzymes, there’s no mechanism（机制） in fuel cells to replace （替换）enzymes as they quickly degrade（快速降解）.

Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach, also of St Louis University, have now developed polymers （聚合物）that wrap（包裹） around an enzyme and preserve（保存） it in a microscopic（微环境） pocket. We tailor（改造） these pockets to provide（提供） the ideal microenvironment（理想的环境）” for the enzyme, Minteer says. The polymers（聚合物） keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.

In the new fuel cell, tiny polymer（聚合物） bags of enzyme are embedded(嵌入) in a membrane（薄膜） that coats one of the electrodes. When glucose(葡萄糖) from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket, the enzyme oxidizes（氧化） it, releasing electrons and protons. The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire（导线） through which they travel to the other electrode, where they react（反应） with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water. The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.

So far, the new fuel cells don’t produce much power, but the fact that they work at all is exciting, says Paul Kenis, a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urbana-Champaign3. “Just getting it to work,” Kenis says, “is a major accomplishment（巨大的成果）.

Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient（高效） way to make electricity. Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable（生物降解）, so the technology wouldn’t hurt（损害） the environment（环境）. The scientists are now trying

to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar. They predict（预计）that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.

第七篇：Late-night Drinking 午夜喝咖啡

Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with （干扰）your sleep. As well as being a stimulant（兴奋剂）, caffeine（咖啡因） interrupts （中断）the flow of melatonin（褪黑激素）, the brain hormone（激素） that sends people into a sleep.

Melatonin levels normally（正常的） start to rise（上升） about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak（最高） between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again. 3“It’s the neurohormone（神经激素） that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,”Says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone（激素）.

Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers（志愿者） slept（睡眠） less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average（平均的）, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off4— twice as long as usual _ and jigged around5 in bed twice as much. 罗坍Shilo和团队在萨皮尔在特拉维夫大学医学中心的发现6个志愿者在喝完含咖啡因的咖啡后比喝完等量的无咖啡因的咖啡睡得不好。受试者平均饮用含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡336分钟,与之相比,喝无咖啡的咖啡因后每晚睡415分钟。他们也花了半个小时才入睡是平常两倍长的时间，在床上辗转反侧也是平常的两倍 .

In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production. 在第二阶段的实验中,研究者们每三个小时就会叫醒志愿者,并要了他们的尿液样本。Shilo测量的分解产物中褪黑激素浓度。这一研究结果表明咖啡因摄入者是体内的褪黑激素仅为咖啡因摄入者的一半。在被Sleep Medicinc同意出版的一篇论文中,研究者指出,咖啡因块生产的酶,驱动褪黑激素的分泌。

Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch, 因为它能花很多时间从身体里消除咖啡因,Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡。

Motoring Technology 汽车技术

1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur(发生) each year,plus a further 50 million injuries（伤残）.To reduce（降低） car crash （碰撞）rate（比率）,much research now is focused（集中） on safety and new fuels-though some electric vehicle and biofuel（生物燃料） research aims（宗旨） at going faster.

Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area of research in

motoring safety is the use of digital（数字式） in-car assistants（辅助设施）. They can ensure（确保） you don’t miss crucial（重要） road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software（人工智能软件） allows（允许） these assistants（辅助设施） to monitor（监控） your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesn’t distract（干扰） you at a vital moment. Most crashes result（产生） from human and not mechanical faults. Some safety developments aim（目的） to improve（改善） your vision（视野）. Radar can spot（看见） obstacles（障碍） in fog, while other technology “sees through” high-sided vehicles blocking your view.

And improvements（改进） to seat belts（安全带）, pedal controls（刹车控制） and tyres（车胎） are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have ,less surprisingly, size and shape.

And alternatives（替代品）to fossil-fuel（矿物燃料） based petrol(汽油), such as plant oils, are a hot area（热门领域） of research. Fuel cells based on hydrogen（氢气） burn cleanly, and are the subject（主题） of a serious research effort（尝试）.

But whatever is in the fuel tank（油箱）, you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations（改进）, some using satellite tracking （卫星跟踪）and remote communications（远程通讯）, to fight（打击） against car theft. These

communication systems can also come into play if you crash（碰撞）, automatically calling for help.

Accidents cause many traffic （交通）jams（事故）, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed（分析） using statistical tools（统计工具）. Robotic drivers could be programmed（被编程的机器人·） to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone’s personal chauffeur（私人司机）, but their latest efforts suggest（最新的成果表明） that won’t be soon.

第三篇：Citizen Scientists 市民科学家

Understanding how nature responds（反应） to climate change（气候变化） will require monitoring key life cycle1 events（生命周期事件） — flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring — all around the world. But ecologists（生态学家） can't be everywhere so they're turning（求助） to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.

Climate scientists（气候学家） are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing（观察） signs（迹象） of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages（鼓励） ordinary（普通） people to observe（观察） a very specific（具体） research interest — birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. — and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions（环境） where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.

A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology （物候学）Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events（事件的时间） in nature.

One of the group's first efforts（尝试） relies on（依赖） scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing（生长） every year. The program（项目）, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of（多样的） common（普通） plants from across the United States. People participating in the project — which is open to everyone — record（记录） their observations on the Project Bud Burst website（花季追踪网站）.

“People don't have to be plant experts — they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate（评价） of how plants and communities （生物群落）of plants and animals will respond（反应） as the climate changes.”



Snowflakes 雪花

You've probably heard that no two snowflakes are alike. Of course, nobody has ever confirmed that statement by examining every one of the estimated one septillion snowflakes that

drift to Earth each year. still, Kenneth Libbrecht, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, is confident that the statement is true.

Snowflakes aren't flaky, says Libbrecht. At their basic level, they're crystalline. The lattice of every snowflake is six-sided in shape. The simplest snow crystals are six-sided flat plates and six-sided columns. Such crystals are common in places where the air is extremely cold and dry. Snow crystals acquire their special beauty when their simple six-sided symmetry blossoms. Under the right conditions, each of the six corners of a crystal sprouts what is called an arm. In a matter of minutes, the arms can become highly ornate and give the crystal a star like appearance. Several factors in the environment affect the shape and growth rate of a snow crystal. One factor is humidity. Crystals grow faster and in more intricate shape as humidity increases. A second factor is air temperature. A snowflake is born when several molecules of water vapor in a could land on a speck of dust and freeze to form a simple crystal. As the young crystal bops around in the cloud, it passes through air pockets of varying temperatures. If the crystal passes through a pocket of air that is, says,—15 degrees Celsius, it will grow quickly and sprout six arms, says Libbrecht. If the crystal is then tossed into a warmer pocket, one about-10℃, the arms' tips will stop growing quickly and form six-side plates. If the crystal then drifts into an even warmer pocket of about -℃, its top and bottom will grow more quickly than its sides and become more column like in shape.

In the course of its life span, a snow-crystal might flutter through many warmer and colder pockets, acquiring a complicated and unique growth history. Such a history will give rise to a snowflake that is unlike any other. Each arm on the snowflake will look exactly like every other one, but the crystal itself will be one of a kind.

Using his cooling tanks, Libbrecht has learned how to create snow crystals of different shapes—plates, colhuns, needles etc. Libbrecht has even refined his techniques so that he can make crystals that look highly similar to one another. Still, he lacks the control to manufacture identical twin snowflakes. A slight difference in humidity and temperature can upset the growth profile of a crystal.

Winged Robot Learns to Fly 长翅膀的机器人学飞行

Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial（实践） and error1（磨练） -but a winged robot has cracked（突破） it in only a few hours, using the same evolutionary（进化） principles（原理）.

Krister Wolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology (CUT) in Gothenburg , Sweden, built a winged robot and set about（开始着手） testing （测试）whether it could learn

to fly by itself, without any pre-programmed data on what flapping（振翅） is or how to do it. To begin with, the robot just twitched and jerked erratically（飘忽不定）. But, gradually（渐渐的）, it made movements that gained height. At first, it cheated（作弊）-simply standing on its wing tips was one early short cut（捷径）. After three hours, however, the robot abandoned（放弃） such methods in favor of a more effective flapping technique where it rotated（旋转） its wings through 90 degrees and raised them before twisting them back to the horizontal（保持水平） and pushing down.（推动前进）

“This tells us that this kind of evolution（进化） is capable of（可能） coming up（出现） with flying motion,” says Peter Bentley, who works on evolutionary computing at University College London. But while the robot had worked out how best to produce lift, it was not about to take off. “There’s only so much that evolution can do,” Bentley says. “This thing is never going to fly because the motors will never have the strength to do it,” he says.

The robot had metre-long wings made from balsa wood and covered with a light plastic film. Small motors on the robot let it move its wings forwards or backwards. up or down or twist them in either direction.

The team attached the robot to two vertical rods, so it could slide up and down. At the start of a test, the robot was suspended by an elastic band. A movement detector measured how much lift, if any11, the robot produced for any given movement. A computer program fed the robot random instructions12, at the rate of13 20 per second, to test its flapping abilities. Each instruction told the robot either to do nothing or to move the wings slightly in the various directions.

Feedback from the movement detector let the program work out which sets of instructions were best at producing lift. The most successful ones were paired up14 and “offspring” sets of instructions15 were generated by swapping instructions randomly between successful pairs. These next-generation instructions were then sent to the robot and evaluated before breeding a new generation, and the process was repeated.

I'll Be Bach 我也能成为

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original（原创） works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software（软件）. Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.

It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create（帮助） the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings（方式） compose music. He realized（认识到） that composers' brains work like big databases. First, they take in（吸收） all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out （去除）the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left.（保留） According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create（建立） the database accurately（准确的）, remember it, and form new musical patterns（模式） from it.

Cope built a huge database of existing（现有的） music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed（分析） the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. （模式） It then combined （组合）the pieces into new patterns; Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.

Cope knew he had more work todo-he had a whole opera to write. He continued（继续） to improve（改善） the software. Soon it could analyze（分析） more. Complex（复杂） music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.,

A few years later, Cope's computer program, called \"Emmy\opera. The process（过程） required（需要） a lot of collaboration（合作） between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews（评价） of his career（职业生涯）, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.

Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback（反馈） on what he likes and doesn't like of her music ,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

What Is a Dream?什么是梦

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists（心理学家） say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special（实际） meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts（专家） believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind（心理） and emotions（情感）.

Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages （传递的信息·）from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably（或许） the first person to study dreams scientificall y.（合乎科学的·）In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions（表达） of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings（情感）, thoughts, and fears（恐惧） that they are afraid to express in real life.

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose（目的） of a dream was to communicate（交流） a message（信息） to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling（坠落） may learn that they have too high an opinion（评估） of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modem-day psychologists（心理学家） continue（继续） to develop theories（理论） about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly（紧密） linked（关联的） to a person's daily life, thoughts（想法）, and behavior（行为）. A criminal, for

example, might dream about crime.

Dornhoff believes that there is a connection（联系） between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults（成人）. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill（心理机能） that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender（性别）. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting（打架）. This is not true of women's dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures（文化） around the world, including both modem （现代）and traditional（古代） ones.

Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue （继续）to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible （可怕的）is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place（发生）. It's important to remember （记住）that the world of dreams is not the real world.

第十篇：The Biology of Music音乐生物学

Humans use music as a powerful（强力的） way to communicate（交流）. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic（神奇）? Science does not yet have all the answers.

What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing .better than a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales（鲸鱼）, are very limited（少见的）. It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments（乐器）.

Music is strange stuff（神奇的东西）. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate（表达） things – especially（特别） their emotions（情感）. When music is combined（结合） with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication（强有力地交流方式）. But, biologically（生物学家） speaking, what is music?

If music is truly different from speech, then we should process（处理加工） music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests（证据表明） that this is true.

Sometimes people who suffer brain damage（遭受大脑损伤） lose their ability to process language（丧失了语言表达能力）. However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke

（中风） in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately（分别得）. By studying the physical（物理） effects（影响） of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions（情感）. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection（紧密的关系）. Music requires special （需要特殊的）talent（天赋）, practice（练习）, and physical ability（体能）. That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness（适合） to be someone's.mate（伴侣）. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control（肌肉控制）. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing（听力） is in excellent condition. Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off. However ,Miller's theory（理论） still doesn't explain why certain combinations（结合） of sounds influence（影响） our emotions（情感） so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.