油田原油密闭卸油的工艺技术

绍，在此基础上设计了一套全密闭卸油工艺流程， 并进行了较详细介绍，以创造条件对开式和半密

油大多采用开式或半密闭工艺，不能满足国家法规污染 物排放要求的问题，在简要介绍了开式和半密闭卸油工

闭卸油工艺进行更新改造。1常规卸油工艺1.1 开式工艺艺的基础上，设计了一套全密闭卸油工艺流程，运用PLC

实现对卸油过程实施PID闭环控制，实现卸油泵自动启 停和全自动密闭卸油。通过对某联合站卸油工艺的改 造，可比半密闭卸油减少原油损耗0. 48t/d,天然气

0. 175t/d,全年实现经济效益115万元，投资回收期约为

油罐车卸直接对着敞口的卸油箱放油， 原油直接飞溅而下进入箱体，操作员工可以看到

0.79年，既达到了环保要求，又消除了安全隐患，在获得 较好经济和社会效益的同时，对油田生产具有重要意义。关键词：油田原油密闭卸油工艺介绍卸油全过程。卸油时，卸油处敞口放油的地方挥

发油气最为严重。对某联合站卸油口位置依照

SY/T 5267—2009（油田原油损耗测试方法》⑵进

随着《大气污染防治行动计划》（大气十条） 的颁布，对有机挥发物VOCs的排放有了明确的

行油气损耗测定，排岀总气量（无空气基）为1300

m'/d,油气损耗总量为1.541t/d,原油损耗总量

。目前,因一些开发进入中后期的油田很多 区块呈现“边、零、小、散”的特点，新建集输管网

为0.755t/do油气在其周围聚集,存在一定的事 故隐患和资源浪费。在投资回收期上不占优势,汽车运油成为主要集 油方式⑴。卸油工艺大部分采用开式和半密闭 工艺。对于有些油井气油比较髙，在卸油过程中，

开式工艺主要采用卧式离心泵将卸油箱内的

油品打入储油罐中,要求卸油箱的最低有效液位 要淹没至泵的叶轮深度，保证有效液位得到全部

由于卸油箱液位不断上升,会引起一定量的油气 呼吸损耗。油气挥发量大，事故隐患多，已不能满

利用卩⑷。工艺流程见图1。收稿日期：2018-10-23。作者简介:王品贤（1981 -）,男，2003年毕业于西南石油大学

足国家法律法规的排放要求，因此做好卸油过程 的安全保障和污染防护十分重要。针对这一问

油气储运工程专业，学士学位,工程师，现从事输道运营借 理工作。题，本文通过对目前开式和半密闭卸油工艺的介

测漏和加油机底盘测漏等传感器的线路可以省去 未来重新布线的麻烦。[2]

站设计与施工规范[S].北京：中国计划出版 社,2012..水污染防治行动计划.北京,2015.参考文献[1]住房和城乡建设部-GB 50156—2012汽车加油加气

[3] 环保部.京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治 工作方案.北京,2017.• 4 •储运技术•王品贤 刘巨光 黄 婕 付振林 梁昌晶•油田原油密闭卸油的工艺技术上升压缩了箱体和罐体内上部的气空间造成呼吸 阀中的压力阀打开逸出油气，这部分油气损耗通 过气平衡管线重新进入油罐车内，形成全密闭卸

油工艺。装满油气的罐车再经过站内的油气净 化、回收装置统一处理，工艺流程见图3。图1开式卸油工艺流程1.2 半密闭工艺采用半埋地的密闭箱体，箱体上安装立式潜

油离心泵〔'冏，将箱体上的卸通过标准快速

接头（DN100 mm）连接到罐车底部的接口上。根 据液位高低实现高液位启泵、低液位停泵（自动 启停）。较以前老式卸油装置直接敞口的方式有

了很大的改进，卸油口进行了全密闭，但卸油时油 气会在箱体内挥发，从泵杆周围逸出。同样对泵

杆位置进行油气损耗测定，排出总气量（无空气 基）为313.2 m3/d,气损耗总量为0. 175t/d,原油 损耗总量为0.48t/d,与开式系统相比，排出总气

其中，卸油泵与卸油箱液位通过PLC实现

PID闭环控制，可根据液面的高低自动调节卸油

泵电机转速,根据卸油液量的大小（罐体液位高

量降低了 75. 9 %，气损耗总量降低了 88 %，原油

低）实现卸油泵排量自动调节。卸油泵采用旋转

损耗总量降低了 36 %。同时卸油后空气会逸入

凸轮泵，该泵自吸能力强劲，可在20 s内形成-

8.5 m的真空度，启泵前无需进行放空和泵前灌

卸油箱体内，形成混合气体,存在一定事故隐患。 半密闭式工艺主要采用立式潜油离心泵17],与开

注，可以输送各种粘稠或含有颗粒物的介质,通过 直径＜100 mm颗粒物，同时可达到消防水泵的空 载运行水平（30 min）。整个密闭卸油装置有效液

式系统相比,卸油箱的有效液位可以得到充分利 用，但对于箱内和罐车内的呼吸损耗尚不能避免, 工艺流程见图2。位为2 m,当液位达到1.5 m后，变频启动50 Hz 运行,泵排量60 r^/h,开始往储油罐中打油，控

制系统自动启动变频器、卸油泵开始工作,卸油开

始;液位达到1.2-1.5 m之间，变频器35 ~50 Hz 运行，泵排量为51n?/h；液位达到0.8-1.2 m之

间，变频器30 ~ 40 Hz运行，泵排量为42 m3/h ；液

图2半密闭卸油工艺流程位达到0.5 ~0.8 m之间，变频器5 ~20 Hz低频

低速运行，泵排量为15 n?/h；液位低于0.5 m位

2全密闭卸油工艺置时，变频停机，卸油泵停止运行，卸油完成。整

工艺流程:油罐车卸油口 T防静电卸油软管 一过滤器一密闭卸油箱一卸油泵一质量流量计一*

个卸油过程无需人工操作,无油气泄漏。在随后开展卸油试验中,发现采用射频电容式 液位计检测的液位与实际误差较大，不能正确显示 其真实的液位（通过已安装的玻璃管液位显示对

储油罐。卸油前，首先将卸油箱上的防静电卸油 软管通过快速接头连接到罐车底部,当油罐

车称重完毕停放到卸油台后，由操作人员点击控 比），同时为了保证PID闭环精准控制，选用适合油

制触摸屏上的卸油按钮，由PLC控制打开卸油池 水介质的插入式导波雷达液位计，其测量范围0.3 ~

30 m,测量精度±2 mm，响应时间＜1.5 s,被测介质

的进油阀。卸油过程中，油品先经过简易过滤器 将其中的有机杂质滤掉，过滤器可以采用抽屉式，

温度-10 ~ 250 工作环境温度-25 ~ 85七。3效益分析3. 1 经济效益分析过滤面积大，拆洗方便，随后油品进入卸油箱。将 运油罐车、卸油箱、储油罐三者组成一个连通空 间，卸油时由于卸油泵的抽吸作用,在罐车内形成

负压，卸油箱和储油罐内形成正压,此时由于液位 某联合站每天进行卸油10车，卸油总量为• 5 •石油库与加油站第28卷第2期总第162期2019年4月出版OIL DEPOT AND GAS STATION VOL. 28 NO. 2 NO. 162 totally Apr 20, 2019储运技术STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES200 m3/d,之前为半密闭式工艺，根据SY/T

5267-2009(油田原油损耗测试方法》和GB/

4结语通过对密闭卸油工艺采用PID闭环全自动控

T13610—2014《天然气的组分分析气相色谱法》 制，基本上解决了卸油过程中的油气挥发,不仅减 少了劳动强度，降低了操作人员在卸油过程中油 气中毒的风险，同时避免了向大气中排放油气挥

对排出气体组分进行分析，见表1。表1排出气组分分析(200 m3卸油罐)质量浓度/g • m3 摩尔分数,％(有空气基)发有机物，达到了“降本增效”的目的。在当今油 价低迷的形势下，密闭卸油工艺将成为油田节能 降耗的一项重要内容。(无空气基)

空气7.01718.0.238390.473.431.4470.470针对在密闭卸油装置现场试验和应用过程中 发现的问题，诸如卸油泵漏失、泵与基础不匹配产

54.525.470生共振形成噪音、冬季卸油泵需暖泵、长期过滤杂 质、装置后期清砂等诸多问题,还需要进一步完善 密闭卸油装置。同时单井运油点装油鹤管在装油 过程中同样存在非密闭，罐车人孔处油气挥发更 大,要进一步研究全自动密闭装油工艺，实现装、

26& 7105. 113.654.049184.281.n C57.1002.53571.5343.802.2211.1390.3580.024C6C7卸油的密闭生产。16.031. 1680参考文献[1]

苏欣，王胜雷，张琳•油田伴生气利用对策及现状

0000GoCH000[J].天然气与石油,2008,26(2) ：33 -37.[2] [3]

大庆油田工程有限公司.油田原油损耗测试方法：

G2相对密度 平均相对分子质量SY/T5267—2009[S],北京：国家能源局,2009.唐海燕，王国丽，黄晓丽.油田集输系统节气技术

1.04930.43[J] •石油规划设计,2004,15(1) ：46 -49.将半密闭卸油工艺改为密闭卸油后，每天可 减少原油损耗0.48t,天然气损耗0.1751,油价按

[4] 黄维秋，刘海，林毅.油品储运系统的蒸发损耗及油 气回收方案[J].污染防治技术,2006,19 ( 5):7

照2 471元/t,天然气按照1 125元/n?计算，每天

-10.[5]

张仲明.轻油装车的损耗与控制[J].河南化工,

可节约3 154元,折合经济效益每年为115万元。卸油装置费用70万元,材料费30万元,设计费25 万元，不可预见费20万元,总投资145万元，投资

2005,22(1):24 - 25.[6] [7] [8] [9]

刘兴蓉，胡文华.同心套管式密闭装车鹤管的应用

回收期0.79年，经济效益显著。3.2 社会效益分析[J].甘肃科技,2004,20(3) ：37 -38.梁琳林，何仁.油罐车油气蒸发损失与控制方法全密闭卸油技术的应用，降低了卸油箱及储

[J].油气储运,2010,29(6) ：475 -476.王卫强，吴明，张明芝.浅析轻油罐车的卸油新方法油罐顶气的挥发，降低了原油中的溶解气，减少

VOCs油气挥发对环境的污染，实现了集输系统

[J].天然气与石油,2003,21(3) ：7-9,龙安厚，姜波，王志华.原油装车油气蒸发损耗测试 与分析[J].大庆石油学院学报,2007,31 (3):31

的密闭，避免了大罐气从呼吸阀等处外溢，降低了

操作人员气体中毒的风险。-33.欢迎行闻，欢迎投稿，欢迎疫凉利歿笫广告。• 6 •Bimonthly, StartedOIL DEPOT AND GAS STATIONPublication in 1992Vol. 28, No. 2No. 162 totallyApr 20, 2019Honorary Chairman of Editorial Committee: ZhaoRifeng,Xia ShixiangContents and AbstractsSTORAGE TECHNOLOGY1 Integrated Design Scheme of Safety and Equipment

for Gas Station. Qiu MingChairman of Editorial Committee: Zhang YiVice Chairman of Editorial Committee: TongDejiang,Wang Liang,Wang WeiminSpecial Consultamts: Xu Weidong, Ye Huiqing, Di Chunyu, Wang ShunjiangAbstract: In view of the fact that the safety and environmental protection equipments of gas stations have

Members:Li Yuxing,Xu Yufeng,Hong Wei,Xu Fubin, Zhao Xunben, Qin Maowei, Nie Shibang, Zhu Jiande,

Wang Zhikun, Wang Qin, Zou Enting, Guo Ziqiang,

independent display terminals, which leads to waste of

wiring and redundancy of alarms, as well as complexity of

the project, increased investment and inconvenience of the

Cao Xiaopan,Li Yiqing,Lu Pinbao,Huang Liuxiong,

operation and management personnel of gas station, a

three 一 stage integrated design scheme of safety and

Shi Jinxian, Fu Tao, Huang Bingli, Zhao Dayi, Xu Hailin, Li Qingjie, Liu Huabin, Tan Yi, Zhong Wei,

environmental protection equipments for gas station is

proposed. Three kinds of design options, i. e. multi - in -one integrated design of tank monitoring, integrated

Tian Shuyuan, Yang Zhen, Feng Peiyu, Feng Yufei,

Wang Fei,Qian Jianhua,Shen Lihu,Xu Yongsheng,

Liu Sheng, Fu Yibo, Jiang Ning, Bu Wenping, Gao

Jinsong, Xie Yun, Du Daolin, Shen Qingqi, Zhou

design of safety and environmental protection equipments,

and integrated design of environmental protection system and gas station, are introduced, and the relevant

Jiaxiang,Han Jun,Jin WangangDirector: Zhang YiVice Director: Tong Dejian Editor-in-Chief: Wang Liang

Vice Editor-in-Chief: Jin Wangang Editor-in-Charge: Qi FengyunResponsible Department: China Petrochemical

Corporation ( SINOPEC)improvement suggestions are put forward, which can provide reference for integrated design of safety and

environmental protection equipment in gas stations.Key words: gas station, safety, environmental pro­tection ,equipment, integration, design4 The Process Technology of Closed Crude Oil Unloa­

ding in Oilfield. Wang Pinxian , Liu Jvguang ,

Sponsor: SINOPEC Sales CompanyPublisher: Editorial Office of Oil Depots and Oil Stations Distributor ( Domestic) : Editorial Office of Oil De­

pots and Oil StationsHuang Jie, Fu Zhenlin, Liang Changjing.Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the open or semi -closed process is mostly used for oil unloading in oilfields at present, which cannot meet the requirement of pollutant discharge in national regulations, based on

brief introduction of the open and semi 一 closed process

Address: Building No. 6, Guangqujiayuan, Dongcheng

District, BeijingPostcode: 100022Tel： (010) 67006041； 67006042Fax： (010) 67006043E-mail: sykjyz@ vip. sina. comDistributor ( Abroad ) : China National Publica­tion Import &Export Corporationof oil unloading, a fully closed process of oil unloading

is designed in which the automatic start and stop of oil

pump and fully automatic closed unloading can be achieved by using PLC to realize the PID closed - loop control of oil unloading process. Through the revamp of

the unloading process in a combined station, a large

Printer: Jia Yi Printing Co. Ltd of Langfang

Address: Nan xin zhuang village, qiu zhuang town­

ship. Langfangamount of crude oil and natural gas can be recovered.

The annual economic benefit is 1. 15 million Yuan

Postcode ：065000ISSN 1008—2263 ；CN11 —3945/TEwith the payback period of 0. 79 years. It can not only

No. of Ad. License: 20170081 , Dongcheng Dis­trict ,Beijingmeet the requirements of environmental protection, but

also eliminate the potential safety hazards. At the same

Domestic Price: RMB90 per yearCopyright gor all originally published reports.time, it reduces the waste of energy and achieves better economic and social benefits.・n・Key words: oilfield, crude oil, closed unloading

economical compressors ； the second is to improve the process, introduction.automatic control devices to prevent leakage and

OIL AND GAS PIPELINEaccidents; the third is to improve the calibration

7 Analysis and Research on Adding Transmix Tank

management of refueling stations ； and the fourth is to pay

in Xiaogan to Wuhan 一 Xinyang Oil Product Pipe­

attention to equipment inspection. For LNG refueling line. Li Xinwei, Wei Kebin.station, the first is to minimize BOG (boiled off gas)

Abstract: In order to realize whole blending of production in unloading, storage, equipment management

transmix in Wuhan - Xinyang oil product pipeline, and process design； the second is to reduce loss by based on the brief introduction of the basic situation

selecting cryogenic equipment and pipelines, optimizing

of the pipeline, the causes of transmix in sequential refueling process and installing BOG recovery

transportation of gasoline and diesel, and the

equipment. Practical cases showed that through the formation process of transmix, by calculating the above measures, a remarkable result was achieved in

length of transmix and the amount of transmix to be reducing cost and increasing efficiency of gas station.treated, under the premise of ensuring the oil quality

Key words: natural gas, gas refueling station, tech・

after adding transmix tank in Xiaogan station, the

nical characteristics, economy, cost reduction and correct amount of transmix, the delivery proportion

efficiency improvement, measures.and the download amount of transmix in Xiaogan

21 Selection and Application of Domestic LNG Submersi­

station and Xinyang station, and the certified oil ble Pump and LCNG High Pressure Plunger Pump.

required to realize whole blending of the transmix are

Chen Ziru, Deng Zhisheng, Wu Bo, Wang Guohong.

obtained, which can provide guarantee for safe and Abstract: On the basis of a brief introduction of the

efficient operation of pipeline and oil quality.present situation of LNG submersible pump and LCNG Key words： oil product, pipeline, transportation, high - pressure plunger pump in domestic gas refueling transmix, blending, research.stations, the main components, working principle,

12 Research on Standard System of Combustible Gas

technological process and basic parameters of domestic

Detector in Oil and Gas Station. Xu Liang, Yuan LNG submersible pump and LCNG high - pressure

Sien, Ma Weiping.plunger pump are emphatically introduced. The selection

Abstract: In view of the disagreement of the standards methods of domestic LNG submersible pump and LCNG

on location, installation and maintenance of flammable

high - pressure plunger pump are put forward gas detector in domestic oil and gas stations, the

respectively from the aspects of flow rate, head, net

advanced experience of the products selection, location, positive suction head and motor power. Through more

alarm setting value, operation maintenance and training than four years of safe operation, it has been proved that

of flammable gas detectors in the United States, Canada

domestic LNG submersible punp and LCNG high

and Russia are introduced, including the redundancy pressure plunger punp have the characteristics of safety, design used for the sensor of combustible gas detector in

reliability, high cost performance, low noise and wide

the important place of continuous monitoring, the set adaptability, and can completely replace the imported

value for the first order alarm lower than 20% of LEL,

similar products.the protection measures of the detector in complex places

Key words: gas refueling station, domestic, LNG

and bad climate conditions, and the replacement submersible pump, LCNG high 一 pressure plunger

measures in the time of failure. Suggestions for improving pump, type selection, application.the standards of domestic combustible gas detectors are

SAFETY TECHNOLOGYput forward.25 Characteristics and Protection of Lightning for Oil

Key words: oil pipeline, station, flammable gas de­

Depot in Mountain Areas. Song Zhiqiang, Zhang

tector ,standard, research.Ying, Zhang Qingmin.GAS REFUELING STATIONAbstract: In view of the complicated geological

16 Measures to Reduce Cost and Increase Efficiency

conditions, frequent lightning disasters and the rapid

of Natural Gas Refueling Stations. Shen Bin.development of information construction in mountain oil

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the cost increase depots, the characteristics, damage mechanism and

of some gas refueling stations will affect the benefits of protection of li^itning disasters in mountain oil depots

gas refueling stations because of inadequate management,

are analyzed. The measures and technological concepts

based on the brief introduction of the technical of lightning protection technology in mountain oil depots

characteristics and economy of three types of gas

are put forward, which can provide reference for

refueling stations, CNG, LNG and L 一 CNG, the cost lightning protection in mountain oil depots.reduction and efficiency improvement measures of CNG

Key words: mountain area, oil depot, lightning and LNG refueling stations are put forward respectively. protection, measures, introduction.For CNG refueling stations, the first is to select safe and

27 Suggestions on Setting up Emergency Shutdown• in •