上海初中英语知识点总结及教材知识点梳理 - 副本

一、

考试性质和命题指导思想

上海市初中毕业英语科统一学业考试是义务教育阶段的终结性考试。它的指导

思想是有利于推进中小学实施素质教育，有利于推进中小学课程改革，有利于促进初中教育教学改革，有利于切实减轻中学生过重的学业负担，有利于培养学的创新精神和实践能力，有利于促进学生全面和谐、富有个性的发展，有利于学生在高中教育阶段的可持续发展。考试结果既是衡量初中学生是否达到毕业标准的重要依据，也是高中阶段各类学校招生的重要依据。

考试对象为2012年完成上海市全日制九年义务教育学业的九年级学生。

二、 考试目标

英语科统一学业考试旨在测试考生的英语基础知识和运用英语进行交际的能力。在语言知识和语言能力之间侧重对语言能力的考核。

语言知识包括语音、词汇、语法以及语言功能。

语言能力包括运用语言获取和了解信息的能力，以及按情景或要求传递信息、表达思想的能力。

依据《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》（2004年11月版）规定的六年至九年级教学目标，确定语言知识和语言能力的考试目标如下: I. 语言知识

主要测试学生在具体语境中对常用词汇、基础语法和常用语言功能的记忆、理解和应用。

II. 语言能力

1. 听

主要测试学生理解口头英语的能力

（1） 从所听材料中获取事实信息的能力；

（2） 理解所听材料的基本内容及上下文关系的能力； （3） 推断所听材料的隐含意思的能力。

2. 读

主要测试学生理解书面英语的能力。

（1） 从各类语篇中获取事实信息的能力； （2） 根据上下文理解词句意义的能力； （3） 理解和归纳语篇主旨大意的能力； （4） 推测语篇隐含意义的能力。

3. 写

主要测试学生根据要求进行书面表达的能力

（1） 运用词汇和语法知识写出正确的句子的能力； （2） 用通顺连贯的语言围绕一个主题进行表达的能力。

三、 考试内容

以上海市中小学课程教材改革委员会制定的《上海市中小学英语课程标准》（征求意见稿）规定的教材内容为考试的范围，包括《英语》（牛津上海版）六年级到九

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年级（共八本）（上海教育出版社和牛津版大学出版社共同出版）及《英语》（新世纪版）六年级到九年级（共八本）（上海外国语教育出版社出版）。

1、 基本素材

Changes and development (变化与发展) Cities and countries (城市与国家) Cultures and customs （文化习俗） Earth and space （地球与太空） Famous people （名人）

Features （人与事物的特征） Food and drinks(饮食)

Historical events （历史事件）

Holidays and festivals （假日与节日） Illness and health （疾病与健康） Interests and hobbies （兴趣与爱好） Jobs and employment （工作与就业） Literature and art （文学与艺术） Man and nature （人与自然） Mass media （大众传媒） Natural world （自然世界）

Neighborhood and surroundings （生活环境） Personal information （个人信息） Public places (公共场所)

Recreation and sports （娱乐与运动） Science and technology （科学技术) Subjects （学科）

Social communications （社会交际） Social relationships （人际关系） Transportation (交通运输） Trips and journeys （旅行）

2、 呈现形式

Advertisements（广告） Chants （吟诵） Dialogues （对话） Fables （寓言）

Famous saying （名言） Games （游戏） Guides （指南） Letters（信件） News （新闻） Notes （便条） Passages （语篇）

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Plays （戏剧） Poems （诗歌） Proverbs（谚语） Reports （报道） Rhymes （儿歌） Riddles （谜语） Songs （歌曲） Stories （故事） Surveys （调查）

3、 功能意念

Ability and inability（能够与不能够） Advice（劝告）

Agreement and disagreement （同意与不同意）Apology （道歉） Arguing （争辩） Blame （责备） Boredom （厌烦）

Certainty and uncertainty （肯定与不肯定）Comparison （比较） Complaint （抱怨） Concern （关心） Confidence （自信）

Congratulations （祝贺） Decision （决定） Delight （高兴） Description （描述） Encouragement （鼓励） Farewell （道别） Good wishes （祝愿） Gratitude （道谢） Greetings （问候） Hesitations （犹豫） Hope （希望）

Identification （识别） Impression （印象） Information （信息） Instruction （指示） Intention （意图） Introduction （介绍） Invitation （邀请） Judgment （判断）

Like and dislike （喜欢遇不喜欢）

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Obligation （义务） Offers （提供） Opinion （观点） Permission （允许） Possibility （可能） Preference （偏爱） Promise （许诺） Reasoning （推理） Repetition （重复） Request （请求）

Satisfaction （满意） Suggestion （建议） Surprise （惊讶） Warning （警告） Willingness （意愿） Worry （担忧）

4、 语言知识

1） 语音 ①读音规则

a.元音母在重读开、闭音节中的读音规则b.辅音字母的基本读音规则 c.字母组合的读音规则 d.单词重音 ②国际音标 ③朗读

a.句子重音、意群和停顿 b.连读和不完全爆破 c.语调 2） 词汇 ①参照书本所附的“英语词汇表” ②词形变化 ③构词法 a.合成 b.派生 c.转化

④首字母缩略法 ⑤单词释义

3）语法

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（

（

（ ① 名词

a. 普通名词和专有名词

b. 可数名词（复数形式的构成和数量表达） c. 不可数名词（数量表达法）

d. 名词所有格（’s的用法、of结构） ② 代词

a. 人称代词（主格和宾格）

b. 物主代词（名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词） c. 指示代词 d. 疑问代词 e. 反身代词 f. 不定代词

g. it的用法（表示时间、自然现象、距离、形式主语、形式宾语）③ 数词 a. 基数词 b. 序数词 c. 钟点表达法 d. 日期表达法 e. 年份表达法

f. 分数、小数、百分比表达法 g. 基本数算表达 ④ 冠词 a. 不定冠词 b. 定冠词 c. 零冠词 ⑤ 形容词

a. 作定语（前置、后置） b. 作表语 c. 作宾语补语

d. 比较级和最高级的构成和用法 ⑥ 副词 a. 用法 b. 位置

c. 比较级和最高级的构成和用法 ⑦ 介词 a. 表示时间 b. 表示地点 c. 表示方法 d. 表示所属关系 e. 其他用法 ⑧ 连词 a. 并列连词 b.

从属连词

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⑨ 动词

a. 连系动词be，get，become，look，feel，sound，smell，seem，turn，grow

等

b. 行为动词 c. 助动词

d. 情态动词can，may，must, should, need, shall, will, could, would,ought

to 等 e. 时态

a) 一般现在时的构成和用法 b) 一般过去时的构成和用法 c) 一般将来时的构成和用法 d) 现在进行时的构成和用法 e) 现在完成时的构成和用法 f) 过去进行时的构成和用法 g) 过去完成时的构成和用法 h) 过去将来时的构成和用法 f. 语态

a) 一般现在时被动语态的构成和用法 b) 一般过去时被动语态的构成和用法 c) 一般将来时被动语态的构成和用法 d) 现在完成时被动语态的构成和用法 e) *含情态动词的被动语态 f) *短语动词的被动语态 g) 主动语态向被动语态转换 g. 不定式

a) 构成（肯定句、否定句、wh-+不定式、复合结构）

b) 用法（作宾语、作状语、作表语、作主语、作宾语补主语、不带to的不

定式）

h. 动名词

a) 构成（肯定式）

b) Ⅱ.用法（作宾语、作主语、作表语）

4） 句法

① 句子的种类

a. 陈述句（肯定句、否定句）

b. 疑问句及回答（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句、选择疑问句） c. 祈使句 d. 感叹句 ② 句子的类型 a. 简单句 b. 并列句 c. 复合句 Ⅰ.状语从句

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Ⅱ.宾语从句（构成、直接引语和间接引语、复合宾语） *Ⅲ.定语从句（由关系代词who、which、that引导） ③ 句子的成分 a. 主语 b. 谓语 c. 表语

d. 宾语（简单宾语、直接宾语和间接宾语、复合宾语） e. 定语 f. 状语

（打*号内容只要求理解）`

四、 试卷结构

试卷由三部分构成。第一部分为听力；第二部分为语言知识（词汇、语法和语言功能）；第三部分为读写。试卷结构具体如下： PartⅠ PartⅡ PartⅢ 内容 Listening Vocabulary and Grammar Reading and Writing 分值 30 50 70 占总分比例 20% 约33% 约47% 第一，三部分考查学生的英语语言能力；第二部分以考查学生的英语语言知识为主。试卷采用试卷答题纸分开的形式。所有试题统一排序，用连贯的阿拉伯数字表示。

五、 考试细则

1.考试内容的比例：见试卷结构。

2. 测量目标的比例：语言知识：语言能力=1:2。 3.试题难易比例：易：中：难=8:1:1。 4.试卷总分：150分。 5.考试时间：100分钟。

6.考试形式：闭卷书面考试，分为试卷与答题纸两部分，考生必须将答案全部坐在答题纸上。

7.基本题型：选择题、填空题、问答、作文。

一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词 国名.地名.人名， 可数名词 不可数名词 团体.机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词

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map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 以-f或-fe结尾wife-wives 3 的词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, 加-s gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加party-parties, family-families, story-stories, 4 -es city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, 5 以y结尾的，加-s Henry-Henrys hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, 一般加-es tomato-tomatoes 以辅音字母加6 piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, -o结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, 2 单复数相同 jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 3 只有复数形式 compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也5 committee, government, population, crew, team, public, 可以作复数（成员） enemy, party customs(海关), forces(), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), 6 复数形式表示特别含义 manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, 加-s Europeans 表示“某7 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 国人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen, Frenchwomen -men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy 将主体名词变为复数 合成名friends 8 词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 为复数

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1 2 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s 须加’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的名the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s 3 词 industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊关系的6 the life’s time, the play’s plot 名词 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s 7 某些固定词组 end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out 5 名人有类似性质的人或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a 6 用于固定词组中 walk, many a time 9

用于quite, rather, many, half, what, This room is rather a big one. such之后 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法： 1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人3 Would you mind opening the door? 或事 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的the United States, the Communist Party of China, 8 名词前 the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间12 He patted me on the shoulder. 的词组前 III. 零冠词的用法： 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名1 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is 2 every等 this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称代主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 1 词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 2 词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 7 10

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

四．形容词和副词 I. 形容词：

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1. 形容词的位置： 1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置： 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复1 nobody absent, everything possible 合不定代词时 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰the best book available, the only 2 的名词之后 solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词 冠词前大小 指示代词 性质 新旧 国籍 材料 的形容序数词 基数词 长短 颜色 不定代词 状态 温度 产地 质地 词 形状 代词所有格 the 名词 all a beautiful large second one new black Chinese silk both this good short next four cool yellow London stone such another poor square your 3) 复合形容词的构成： 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II. 副词 副词的分类： soon, now, early, finally, once, always, often, frequently, seldom, 1 时间副词 5 频度副词 recently never here, nearby, outside, upwards, 2 地点副词 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why above hard, well, fast, slowly, how, when, where, why, whether, 3 方式副词 7 连接副词 excitedly, really however, meanwhile almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, 4 程度副词 8 关系副词 when, where, why rather III. 形容词和副词比较等级： 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。 12

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型： Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。 五．介词 I. 介词分类： 1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介like, unlike, near, next, opposite 词 II. 常用介词区别： 1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间2 表示时间的since, from 的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时3 表示时间的in, after 的一段时间中 4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 表示“穿过”的through, through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，6 across 与on有关 7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述 8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放9 besides与except的区别 在句首 with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语10 表示“用”的in, with 言，声音 11 as与like的区别 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似 12 in与into区别 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 六．动词 I. 动词的时态： 1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask

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进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进行 have/has been had been asking shall/will have been should/would have been asking asking asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如： I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关） 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别： 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式： 将来时 用法 例句 1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year. It’s going to clear up. be going to+动词原含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示2 We’re going to have a party 形 很有可能要发生某事 tonight. be + doing 进行时go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可He is moving to the south. 3 表示将来 用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave when the bell be about to + 动词表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动4 rang. 原形 作，后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school gate 5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 at noon. The meeting starts at five 一般现在时表示将时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，o’clock. 6 来 可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态： 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词can/must/may be asked

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的

被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be

going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：

It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… 意 It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 事 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：

The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. 项 The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态：

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等

七．情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法： 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答

能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot /can’t

can Can…do…?

允许或许可（口语中常用） do

Yes,…can.

可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑

could couldn’t do No,…can’t.

问句中）

May…do…? Yes,…may.

may 可以（问句中表示请求） may not do

No,…mustn’t/can’t.

可能，或许（表推测）

Might…do…? Yes,…might

might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might not do

No,…might not.

必须，应该（表主观要求） Must…do…? Yes,…must.

must must not/mustn’t do

肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） No,…needn’t/don’t have to. 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时Do…have to do…?

have to don’t have to do

态人称变化） Yes,…do. No,…don’t. 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用ought not to/oughtn’t Ought…to do…?

ought to

should to do Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. 将要，会

用于一三人称征求对方意见 Shall…do…?

shall shall not/shan’t do

用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. 告、威胁等

应当，应该（表义务责任） should not/shouldn’t

should Should…do…?

本该（含有责备意味） do

will 意愿，决心 will not/won’t do Will…do…?

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请求，建议，用在问句中would比would not/wouldn’t Yes,…will. No,…won’t. 较委婉 do

Dare…do…?

dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren’t do

Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.

需要 Need…do…?

need need not/needn’t do

必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.

Used…to do…?

used

Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t

not/usedn’t/usen’t to

used to 过去常常（现在已不再） .

do

Did…use to do…?

didn’t use to do

Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.

2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

八．非谓语动词

I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

构成

非谓语形式 特征和作用

时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 to do to be done 在非谓for sb. to

具有名词，副词和形容词的作用

不定式 to be doing to have been 语前加do sth.

在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语

to have done done not would

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现在分doing being done 词 having done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 分词 过去分 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 done 词 doing being done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 动名词 having done having been done 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾语hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, 的动词 afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾语can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged 的动词或短语 in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 意义基本相同 need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） 两stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 意义相反 者stop doing 停止正在做的事 都remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未go on to do（接着做另外一件事） 可发生） go on doing（接着做同一件事） 以 remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经意义不同 发生） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） mean to do（打算做，企图做） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean doing （意识是，意味着） can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概常见动词 例句 念 ask, beg, expect, get, order, 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或I heard him call me several tell, want, wish, encourage 已经完成 times. 不定式 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 主谓关系。强调动作正在进I found her listening to the 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, 行，尚未完成 radio. keep, have, feel 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多We found the village greatly 过去分词 强调状态 changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 17

与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，I have a lot of papers to type. 不定式 进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在I have a lot of papers to be typed. 谓语动词之前发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动the boiling water / the boiled water 现在分词 作同时发生 the developing country/the developed 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓country 过去分词 语动作之前，现已经完成 the falling leaves / the fallen leaves V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助My dream is to become a teacher. 不定于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位To obey the law is important. 式 置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的It is no use saying that again and 动名动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用itagain. 词 做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 Teaching is my job. 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以The situation is encouraging. 做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, The book is well written. quite, rather等副词修饰。 (常见分词有astonishing, 分词 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主, 语的性质特征，moving, tiring, disappointing, 多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语puzzling, shocking, boring, 所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 amusing及其-ed形式) 九．定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 Do you know the man who is talking with who 人 主语 your mother? Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am whom, which和whom 人 宾语 working that在从句中做The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. 宾语时，常可以关系I like those books whose topics are about 省略，但介词提代词 history. whose 人，物 定语 前时后面关系The boy whose father works abroad is my 代词不能省略，deskmate. 也不可以用that A plane is a machine that can fly. that 人，物 主语，宾语 She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. 18

The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. which 物 主语，宾语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected by all of as做宾语一般as 人，物 主语，宾语 us. 不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which 关系where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which 副词 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned why 原因 原因状语 可用for which down my offer. II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句 1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, 1.He told me everything that he nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 knows. 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, 2.All the books that you offered has no, some, few等修饰时 been given out. 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 3.This is the best film that I have 只用that的情4． 先行词既指人又指物时 ever read. 况 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 4.We talked about the persons and 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免things that we remembered. 重复时 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 1． 在非性定语从句中，只能用whichHe has a son, who has gone abroad 指代物，用who/whom指人 for further study. 只用which, 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句I like the person to whom the who, whom的中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 teacher is talking. 情况 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, Those who respect others are 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 usually respected by others. III. as与which的区别： 定语从句 区别 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. 性定名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词Don’t read such books as you can’t 语从句中 用as,不能用which understand. They won the game, as we had expected. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果非性They won the game, which we hadn’t 有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，定语从句expected. 也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导中 As is well known, he is a famous film star 的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 in the 1980s. IV. 性定语从句与非性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 性定语对先行词起修饰作用，如果去掉，主句意思The accident happened at the 19

就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，time when I left. 写时不用逗号分开。

对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密

非性定切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当His mother, whom he loved 语从句 于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾deeply, died ten years ago.

语时也不能省略。

十．名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句

Whether he will come or not doesn’t

在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，

matter much.

主语从句 一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形that, whether, if,

Whoever comes here will be

式主语，主语从句放主句之后 as if, as though,

welcome.

who, whose,

在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，

表语从句 which, how, It looks as if it is going to snow.

位于系动词之后

when, where,

He asked me which team could win

宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 why, what,

the game.

whatever,

You have no idea how worried we

放在名词之后(news, problem, whoever,

同位语从are.

idea, suggestion, advice, thought, wherever

句 The fact that he lied again greatly

hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容

surprised us.

十一。状语从句 种类 连接词 注意点

when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no 时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续

时间状语

sooner…than, the moment, the minute, 性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续immediately, directly, instantly 性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。

地点状语 where, wherever

because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家

原因状语 because, as, since, now that

都明了的原因，as又次之。

if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般

条件状语

condition that 时代替

so that和in order that后常接may, should,

目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that

could, would等情态动词

结果状语 so…that, such…that

than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the

比较状语

more

as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟

方式状语 as if, as though, as

语气。

though, although, even if, even though, as, no

as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；

matter what, whatever, no matter who,

让步状语 although和though用正常语序，可和yet

whoever, no matter which, whichever, no

连用，但不可和but连用

matter how, however, no matter when,

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从句

whenever 十二。倒装句 种类 倒装条件 例句 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词Out rushed the children. 开头的句子表示强调 完全Under the tree stood two tables and four 倒装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 chairs. 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, Hardly did I know what had happened. not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of only和修饰的状语放于句首 English. not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不Not only does he know French, but also he is 倒 expert at it. 部分neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 倒装 so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. 成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 as引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外He can play the piano. So can i. 的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health! 省略if的虚拟条件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 十三。虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 从句动词：过去式（be用were） If he were here, he would 与现在事实相反 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词help us. 原形 从句动词：had+过去分词 If I had been free, I If引导的条与过去事实相反 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+would have visited you. 件从句 过去分词 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / If it should rain were+不定式 与将来事实相反 tomorrow, we would not 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词go camping. 原形 They are talking as if as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 they had been friends for 其它状语从years. 句 in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / Turn on the light so that may / might / would等+动词原形 we can see it clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动He suggested that we not 宾语从句 词原形 change our mind. 21

I wish I could be a pop

wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和

singer.

should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反

在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / It is strange that such a

主语从句 demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用person should be our

should+动词原形 friends.

It’s high time that we

It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形

left.

I would rather you stayed

其它句型中 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式

at home now.

If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的If only our dream had 愿望 come true!

十四。重要句型

1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task.

2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4. He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5. May you be in good health!

6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home!

7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.

9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.

12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields! 16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18. There goes the bell.

19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20. It is no use crying for help.

21. If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24. “He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”

25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.

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十五.动词搭配

1. add to增加，增进 add … to把…加进… add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library. 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up ) 2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉

break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断

break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破

1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried. 3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ________?

6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. ( away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成

bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起

bring down使下降，使倒下

1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.

2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.

8) Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book. ( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )

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4. call on号召，拜访（某人） call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行

1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.

2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight. 3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou. 4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer. 5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain. ( in, for, at, out, off)

5. come about发生，出现

come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来

come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是 come along一道来，赶快

come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起

come from来自，源自

1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month.

2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map. 3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before. 4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late. 5) He came __________ me like a tiger.

6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year. 7) The word came __________ use many years ago.

8) When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job. 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.

10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet. ( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up ) 6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减

cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿

cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

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1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.

2) You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness. 3) We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野） to the village. 4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.

5) The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill. 6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________. （down, down, across, up, off, in ）

7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因） die from死于（意外事故、情形） die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种

die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 8. fall behind落后

fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退

1) Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk. 2) Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.

3) As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village. 4) She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken. （down, behind, back, over ） 9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查

go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反

go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出

1) Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years. 2) Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.

3) Many years have gone ___________ since we first met. 4) Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.

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5) His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.

7) Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination. 8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.

9) The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision. 10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt. 11) If you think you can solve the problem, go ______. 12) Many students went __________ playing basketball.

(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for ) 10. get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于

get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车

get in收集，插（话）

get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假

get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床

get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开

get close to sth. 接近，几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know)

get back取回，收回 get out

1) She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said. 2) We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.

3) The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it. 4) When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema. 5) After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business. 6) Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.

7) It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience. (down, over, round, through, down, in, over) 11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体） give in (to sb.) 屈服

give up放弃，让（座位）

1) His accent at last gave him __________. 2) The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.

3) The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners. 4) The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies. 5) Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6) Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.

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7) After a long walk, my strength gave ____________. (away, off, out, up, out, away, out) 12. hand in交上，提交 hand out分发

hand down流传，遗传 13. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话

14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿

hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，

1) I'm sure he is holding something _________.

2) She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried. 3) Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.

4) Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days. 5) The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.

6) These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population. 7) Hold ___________ your left arm, please. (back, back, on, out, up, down, up)

15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持， keep up with跟上

keep off (grass)不接近，离开

keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的 keep out of

keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来

keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

1) The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her. 2) I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words. 3) Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.

4) I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done. 5) \"Don't touch me,\" screamed the woman, \"Keep __________!\" 6) Keep _________ until you succeed.

7) Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end. 8) The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.

9) Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game. 10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing. (away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up) 16. knock at/on敲

knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒

knock out of把…敲出

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knock over撞倒

knock off停止工作，休息

1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________. 2) The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.

3) Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.

4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there. (down, off, on, into) 17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏

leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期

1) \"Whose name has been left __________?\" demanded the teacher. 2) When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.

3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________. 4) Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow. 5) Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow. 6) Those are questions left _________ by history. (out, to, behind, over, over, over) 18. look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查

look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾

look ab. up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人

1) I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers. 2)Look _______! There is a big hole in front.

3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him. 4) The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.

5) She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours. 6) The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible. 7) He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing. (through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round) 19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补

make into / of / from 制成

make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单） make for走向，驶往，促使

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1) Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit?

2) I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3) My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.

4) We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done.

5) He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe. 6) Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is. (into, for, out, up/up, up, out) 20. pass away去世 pass by经过

pass down(on)…to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视

1) The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather. 2) The man passed ___________ last week in peace. 3) We are passing ____________ difficult times.

4) The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report. (down, away, through, over) 21. pay back还钱，报复

pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应 pay off还清

1) How much did you pay __________ the dictionary?

2) You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me. 3) I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me. 4) Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today. 5) Has she pay ____________ the debt yet? （for, back, back, for, off）

22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health) pick out挑选，辨认，看出

1) I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue. 2) My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.

3) The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks. 4) She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes. 5) I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.

6) Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?

7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly. (up, up, up, out, out, up, up)

pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词

23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟

put into放进，翻译

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put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed) put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回

1) He put _________ half his wage every week.

2) The government soon put __________ the revolt（）. 3) Put your watch __________. It's slow.

4) He put __________ his hand for me to shake.

5). Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2. 6) We put ___________ for night at the village inn.

7) He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子） 8) We had a telephone put _____________ in our office. 9) I can't put __________ with your laziness.

(away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up) 24. pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边

pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up（使）停住 1) The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.

2) All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built. 3) The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn. 4) The doctor thinks the man will pull __________. 5) The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights. (out, down, over, through, up) 25. push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去

push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过

1) We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2) Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.

3) They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost.. 4) Take care not to push the baby _________.

5) They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us. (on, over, through, over, through )

26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选

run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完

1) If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day. 2) I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.

3) Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles? 4) Why do you always run __________ adventure?

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5) He didn't want to run ___________ president that year. 6) In that way you will only run __________ difficulties. ( into, across/into, out, after, for, into) 27. see off送行

see through看透，识破 see to照料，照管 28. send for派人去请 send off送行

send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射 29. set up建立

set off出发，触发，引起

set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 set about开始着手(doing) set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟

1) I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.

2) We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.

3) We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then. 4) I set __________ to advise him not to drink.

5) What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report?

6) The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him. 7) The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（） (back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)

30. take off脱掉，起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收，领会 take up从事，占用（时间空间）

take down记录，取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out

1) I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.

2) He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems. 3) At first I took him _________ a doctor.

4) I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught. 5) Bill has now taken __________ his father's business. 6) My job takes __________ most of my time.

7) The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company. (back, down, for, in, over, up, on)

take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职 31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出

think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb. 对某人看法好

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32. turn off / on打开

turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝

turn against变得敌视，反对

turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来

turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大 turn in上缴

turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

1) The child turned __________ its mother for comfort. 2) Turn ___________ and let me see your face.

3) However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution. 4) The English evening party turned _________ a great success.

5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______. 6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________. 7) The army turned him ___________ on account of (因为) his poor health. 8) She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse. 9) Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.

10) The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby. 11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.

(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)

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