Chapter 3 Word Formation 1
第三章 构词法（1）
1. Morphemes 词素
考点：识记词素的概念
The Morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
(e.g.: denaturalization can be divided into de-, nature, al-, ize, ation- ,these are morphemes.)
2. Allomorphemes 词素变体
考点：词素变体的概念
Morphs 形素：Morphemes are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs, they are actually spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
Monomorphemic Words单语素词:Morphemes realized by single morphs, coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.
(e.g.: bird, tree, green, sad, want…)
Allomorphemes 词素变体: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morphs according to their position in a word, such Alternative morphs are allomorphemes.
(e.g.: the morpheme of plurality {-s}, realized by /s/ after /t, p, k/ as cheats, packs. by /z/ after /d, b, g, l/ as beds, fads, by /iz/ after /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ as in classes, dishes, damages)
3. Types of Morphemes 词素的分类
领会： 词素，自由词素，自由词根，粘附词素，粘附词根，词缀，派生词缀，曲折词缀，前缀和后缀之间的关系。
Free Morpheme自由词素=Free Root 自由词根 Morphemes Bound Root粘附词根
Bound Morphemes粘附词素 Affix缀词 Inflectional曲折词缀
Derivational派生词缀 Prefixes前缀 Suffixes后缀
Free Morpheme自由词素：Have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. =free roots.
Bound Morphemes粘附词素: Cannot occur as separate words, they are bond to other morphemes to form words.
(e.g.: recollection( re + collect + ion), collect is free morpheme, re & ion are bound morphemes)
Bound Root 粘附词根: carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root, but has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Either Latin or Greek.
(e.g.: /-dict-/ means “say or speak”, contradict, predict, contradictor, predictor)
Affix缀词: Forms that attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function, almost all of them are bond morphemes.
Inflectional曲折词缀: Attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships. =inflectional morphemes. (plural form, tense, possessive, degree) (e.g.: like-likes, work-worked, the man’s role, hard-harder)
Derivational派生词缀: Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
4. Root and Stem 词根和词干
领会：词根和词干的区别， 运用：运用本章知识分析英语词的结构
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. Root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
A stem can be define as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Stem can replace root and refer to any form which is larger than a root.
(e.g.: internationalist (inter-, nation, -al, -ist), if further divided “nation”, the original lexical identity will be lost, so “nation” is a root and stem as well, all the rest national, international are stems.)
