论文 英汉称赞语及其应答的对比

JIUJIANG UNIVERSITY

毕 业 论 文

题 目 英汉称赞语及其应答的对比 英文题目 Comparison of Compliments and

Compliments Responses in Chinese and English

院 系 继续教育学院 专 业 英语教育 姓 名 葛耘 年 级 2014级 指导教师 王赛凤

二零**年十一月

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摘 要

在人类的语言交际中，称赞语是一种使用频率较高的礼貌言语行为。它是说话者明白地或者曲折地赞誉说话者以外的对象，通常指的是受话者或者是受话者有关的事物，赞美的内容往往是对方一些好的方面（如成功，财产等）。在人际交往中，称赞语主要起着创造或者保持和谐的人际关系这一社会功能，它壳用来打招呼，致谢，表示鼓励和祝贺，开始话题，缓解矛盾等。称赞语虽是世界共有一种的言语交际行为，但它却受着特定的社会文化背景，价值观念所影响。因此，英汉称赞语也必定存在着较大的差异。

这篇论文主要是通过比较和分析英汉称赞语及其应答的不同，指出英汉称赞语的差异主要是源于两种不同的文化背景和文化价值观。研究的目的旨在寻找不同文化背景下如何恰当地给予和接受称赞语的有效途径。这篇论文总结了英汉称赞语的不同，关注它们的不同，能够避免误会和尴尬。除此之外，在跨文化交际中，学习更多的有用的交际技巧能够获得建立和保持良好的人际关系。

关键字：称赞语；称赞语应答语；跨文化交际

Abstract

Compliment is a polite act that is frequently used in people’s daily verbal interaction. It is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker, usually the person addressed or the things related to the person addressed, for some ―good‖ (achievements, possession, etc.). A compliment event has the social function of establishing and maintaining harmonious interpersonal relations in interpersonal communications .It can contribute to greet , thank, encourage, and congratulate, open conversations and erase conflicts, etc. Compliment is common all around the world, but is influenced by social backgrounds, cultural values. Therefore, there exist great difference between in Chinese and English.

The thesis centers on comparing and analyzing Chinese and English compliments and compliments response. It can be concluded that the indifferences between English compliments and Chinese compliments arise from the different cultural backgrounds and cultural values in both language. The study aims to provide a good understanding of how to perform and accept compliments appropriately in different cultural background. This thesis makes a conclusion and tells that the difference between English compliments and Chinese compliments. Paying more attention

to

the

difference

can

avoid

the

misunderstanding

and

embarrassment .Besides, learning some useful communicative skills could establish and maintain harmonious interpersonal relations in cross- cultural communication.

Key Words: Compliments; compliments responses; cross –cultural communication

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Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i 摘 要 ..................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2.Compliments and Compliments Responses ................................................................... 2

2.1 The definition of compliments and compliments responses ................................................ 2

2.2 Functions of compliments .................................................................................... 3 2.3 English compliments and compliments responses ............................................. 4 2.4 Chinese compliments and compliments responses ............................................ 5 3. Comparison of English and Chinese Compliments and compliments responses ............................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Comparison of compliments in Chinese and English ........................................ 6

3.1.1 Topic categories ...................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Linguistic forms ........................................................................................ 6 3.2 Comparison of conpliments responses in Chinese and English ....................... 9

3.2.1 Compliments response strategies in English .............................................................. 9 3.2.2 Compliments response strategies in Chinese ........................................................... 10

4. Reasons for Different Compliments and Compliments Responses of Chinese and English ......................................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Self-worth VS Modesty ................................................................................................ 12 4.2 Individualism VS Collective ............................................................................ 12 4.3 Directness VS Indirectness .............................................................................. 12

5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 13 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 14 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 18

1. Introduction

As is known to all, compliments are frequently used in daily social

communication. How to give compliments and response to them is a part of communicative competence. Owing to different cultural backgrounds, there are many differences between Chinese compliments and English compliments. Chinese speakers are often embarrassed by English compliments. Also, English speakers often misunderstood Chinese. They don’t know how to give and response compliments.

The thesis tries to make a comparison between Chinese compliments and

English compliments. Chinese compliments favor the topics on achievements and ability. While, English compliments concentrate on the topics on appearance and possession. As for responding, In Chinese compliments, modesty is more frequently used, whereas acceptance and return are common in English compliments. Trying to find the cultural difference and background between Chinese and English help people understand compliments and improve intercultural communicative competence. From the analysis, the study aims to provide a good understanding of how to perform and accept compliments appropriately in different cultural background.

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2. Compliments and Compliments Responses

2.1 Definition of Compliments and Compliments Responses

2.1.1 The Definition of Compliments

Many scholars at home and board have studied compliments; therefore, there are many definitions as follows.

In Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of current English with Chinese translation (Third edition, 1987), the word ―compliments‖ is interpreted in two aspects when it is used as a noun. First, ―compliments‖ means ―an expression of admiration, approval ,etc, either in words or by action, e.g. by asking somebody for his advice or opinions, or by imitating him‖. Second, in its plural form, ―compliments‖ means ―greetings‖. Of course, compliments in this thesis falls into the first category.

From the point of view the applied linguistics, many linguistics scholars have given definitions to compliments. Daikuhara (1986) investigated the speech act of compliments from the perspective of actual speech communication. In describing the meaning of compliments in speech communication, he wrote as follows:

Compliment is used express positive feeling of approval of the

hearer of something. Compliments does not necessarily relate to something done by the hearer, since we may compliments someone on his intelligence, ability , for which he is not responsible, as well as for his act of courage for which he is responsible.

Holmes (1986) offered a broad definition of compliment as follows: A compliment is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker, usually the person addressed, for some “good” (possession, characteristic, skill, etc.) which is positively valued by the speaker and hearer.

Hebert (19) noted that compliments are either explicit or implicit, corresponding in part to the distinction between direct and indirect speech act.

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From different definitions noted above, everyone can find that the compliments are a polite act that frequently occurs in people’s daily verbal interaction.

2.1.2 The Definition of Compliments Responses

Unlike the definitions of compliments, there are few linguists who have given an adequate definition of compliments responses.

We cite Nelson’s definition as follows: ―A compliment response is a verbal acknowledgement that the respondent of the compliment heard and reacted to the compliments‖(Nelson,et.al.1996 :413).

We can conclude that compliment responses can be said to act as the first reaction of the complimentee to the complimenter.

2.2 Functions of Compliments

Many scholars study compliments to facilitate people’s communication with

others because of the important functions in people’s daily life. Just as ―social lubricants‖, there are many kinds of functions of compliments, such as encourages, approves, thanks, congratulates and greetings. ①.To express encouragements

For example: ―Well done‖, ―You are doing well‖, ―Good work‖ are often heard in the classroom to encourage the students. ②.To express admiration or approval For example: I like your new hairstyle. 你女儿的学习成绩真好。 ③.To express gratitude or congratulations For example: That’s delicious dinner. Thank you! 今天玩得很开心，谢谢你的热情招待。 For example: What an amazing performance! Congratulations! 这次的活动真成功，祝贺你！

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④.To open or sustain conversation For example: A: Hi, Jack, how are you? B: Fine.

A: What a beautiful shirt! B: Oh, thanks. A:小王，吃饭了没？ B:吃了。

A:你的包包真好看！

B:真的吗？在网上买的哦，很划算哦。

As we can see, in English compliments are used to encourage, approve, congratulate, thank others, to open a conversation and so on. At the same time, we have found that compliments have the similar function in Chinese. Reinforcement or creation of solidarity is one of the social functions of compliments in the Chinese society .They are used in greeting, thanking, and initiating conversation.

2.3 English compliments and compliments responses

In the past thirty years, many linguists have drawn attention to the speech event which is compliment.

In the 1970’s some linguists (Turner, 1974; Wolfsan, 1976; Pomerantz, 1978) began their studies on compliments. Since the 1980’s the studied compliments from the perspective of pragmatics or the perspective of cross-cultural communication.

Wolfsan and Manes (1981) made an influential investigation into the use of compliments among the middle class Americans. The result of their research is that compliments are highly formula. The content of compliments includes one’s appearance, achievements, possession， character and so on.

Pomerantz, Herbert and other scholars made systematic studies on responses to compliments. Pomerantz was the first researcher to the topic of compliments responses. Herbert（1986） distinguished 12 types of compliment

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responses. He then provided a quantitative analysis of compliments response types and frequency (19) .In the analysis; he grouped the responses as (a) Agreement, (b) Nonagreement, (c) request interpretation.

Herbert (1990) and Holmes (1998) made important studies on gender differences in complimenting. They suggested that for women compliments are primarily offers of solidarity, while for males, their functions are more often as actual assertions of praise.

We can conclude that much linguistics abroad has researched compliments and they got satisfactory results.

2.4 Chinese compliments and compliments responses

In china, many scholars also study compliments. While, it is rather late compared with the study abroad. In the 1990’s Chinese scholars began their study mainly on English compliments. ZouWeicheng (1990) introduced the structure of the compliment speech act, topic distribution and general response patterns of English compliments.

A few Chinese scholars made the cross-cultural study on Chinese and English compliments. Zuo Huanqi (1998) made a brief comparison on the linguistic formulas, the response formulas and function between Chinese and English compliments. As for the vocabulary, 80% are adjectives, 16% are verbs. However, 46% are adjectives and 43% are verbs in Chinese.

Cheng Rong (1993) analyzed different responding to compliments in Chinese and English contexts. Shi Ning (1997) made a cross-cultural study with respect to the topic distribution, the compliment form, and the response pattern. Yuan Lei (2002) got some new points in his research. He found that in American culture compliments often occur among family members, which is scarce in Chinese culture. Chinese people tend to compliment the hearer’s family members. He also gave the cultural reason for the difference. He also found that female tend to use more subjective compliments while the male use more objective and simple patterns.

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From these results of china, we can found that compliments draw many scholars’ attention and a lot of researches have been made. We believe that in the next few years, the compliments will be studied more thoroughly and accelerate the development of cross-cultural communication.

3. Comparison of English and Chinese Compliments and Compliments Responses

3.1 Comparison of compliments in Chinese and English

3.1.1 Topic categories

Frankly speaking, people may give compliments about everything that is positive. In fact, studies have shown that most compliments in both languages focus mainly on four categories, that is: appearance, possession, ability and achievement. In English, a great number of compliments are on personal appearance. ―You are so beautiful‖! ―You look very elegant today‖! These compliments often can be used .When the American female received such compliments, they feel pleased. In china, the topic of appearance is not preferential. If a boy compliment a girl’s appearance, he will be regard as vulgar and harboring no good intentions.

Possession refers to home, furniture, cars, and other possessions as well as children and relatives. In western, it is natural to compliments other’s possessions. While, in china, it is not natural to compliment other’s possessions. Especially between close relationships, for the compliments will be probably regard as a request for possessions and may lead to embarrassment. In my questionnaire, topics on possession show low frequency in Chinese compliments.

English compliments on achievement lay emphasis on the result of individual effort. Compliments of ―ability‖ and ―achievements‖ are usually from super ordinate to subordinate in western countries in order to keep a good team between employers and employees. But in china, many young people compliment on their superior’s ability or achievements in order to get appreciation. In English, appearance and possession are two most frequently compliment topics, as shown by

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Wolfsan (1983) and Manes (1983). Chinese compliments focus mainly on ability and achievements.

3.1.2 Linguistic forms ①Lexical Forms

Since compliments are expressions of postive evaluations ,every compliments must include at least one term carrying positive semantic load .Data from Manes & Wolfson (1981) have demonstrated that 80% of English compliments depend upon an adjective to carry the positive semantic load. However,we all know that the number of positive adjective may be used is numerous .Two- thirds of all adjectival compliments made use of only five adjective:―nice, good ,beautiful, pretty and great‖(1981).Specifically ,nice and good are by far the most common. For example: Lily, you look so nice today. You did a good job. It’s a pretty cloth. What a beantiful hat!

That book you lent me was great.

In addition, Manes & Wolfson also indicated that the two most frequently used verbs ―like‖ and ―love‖ account for 86% of all verbal compliments.

For example:I like your haircut.

I love your glasses.

In contrast with the fact that great majority of American adjectival compliments make full use of only five different adjectives ―good, nice ,great ,beautiful, pretty,‖the choice of lexical term in chinese compliments occurs in a wide variety. Frequently occurred adjective are:好，行，能干，不错，棒，酷 and so on…“好”can be ued alomost every aspect of life,such as clothes,hair, dishes,skills and achievements.

There are many other commomly used adjectives with topic-specific senses

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which can be used in Chinese compliments ,such as 漂亮，好看，美丽，可爱 etc to praise appearance.The adjective like 灵巧，利落，麻利 are usually used to praise performance.Such adjectives as 厚道，稳重，厉害，精明，善良，聪明etc are mainly used to praise personalities or abilities respectively .

In addition, it is often used an adverb in Chinese Compliments to modify adjectives . For example: 你的衣服真好看。 你大衣的颜色真的很不错。 你的作文写的真好。 你这么有学问。 你真的很有品味。

Both Chinese speakers and English speakers tend to rely on a limited number of words and expressions to convey their compliments. In English compliments, five adjective and two verbs carry the most compliments. Similarly, adjectives, adverbs and nouns account for the majority of compliments in Chinese. Chinese prefer to use adverbs to modifier adjectives. As for verbs, there is a little difference between English compliments and Chinese compliments. Chinese people tend to give more indirect compliments, so they rarely use verbs to show their praises for others. However, westerners a high tendency to compliments with verbs, especially the two verbs ―loves‖ and ―like‖.

②Syntactical Forms

Syntactic forms which is shown by frequently used syntactic patterns and structures to convey compliments. According to Manes & Wolfsan (1981), in English, NP (noun phrase) is/looks (really) ADJ (adjective) is the most frequently used. For example: Your hair looks nice. Besides, I like (love) NP is also popular in English compliment. For example: I like your car.

As for Chinese compliments, according to collected data of questionnaire (see Appendix for Chinese compliments) and natural observation, NP+ ADV (adverb) + ADJ is the most frequently used pattern, accounting for 40%. Another syntactic

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pattern You +V+ (ADV) +ADV ranks second at a percentage of 22%, and pattern of You +(ADV) +ADJ+（NP）is 16%.

In conclusion, English compliments and Chinese compliments are similar in that the pattern NP (ADV) ADJ plays the leading role. The use of personal pronouns as subjects can be distinguished between English compliments and Chinese compliments. Some prefer to use the first personal pronouns as their subjects in English compliments, while the first personal pronouns are seldom used as subjects in Chinese compliments. Many Chinese compliments sentences begin with second personal pronoun such as ―你‖or“你的”.

3.2 Comparison of conpliments responses in Chinese and English

3.2.1 Compliments responses strategies in English

A compliment is supposed to be a kind of supportive action (Pomerantz, 1978) from the viewpoint of social behavior. The studies on compliments responses which have been received much attention from linguists. As we all know that Chinese and westerns are quite different in cultural backgrounds, world views and thinking patterns. So, there are differences in Chinese and English responses.

Herbert concluded two main categories, several types about compliments response strategies. The first category is acceptance.

①Appreciation：a verbal or nonverbal acceptance of the compliment. Thanks. Thank you. With a smile, a nod, etc. For example: In English: A: I like your jacket. B: Thank you!

②Comment Acceptance：response compliments and offer a comment . For example: In English: A: I like your jacket. B: Yeah, it’s cool.

③Praise：accept the compliment and supply more . This response often occurs only among close relationship. For example: In English: A: Your jacket is very beautiful, Tom. B: Of course, It is the most beautiful in the world.

④Comment history：shift the force of the compliment from the complimenter. For

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example: In English: A: Your jacket is very beautiful. B: I got it from my uncle. ⑤Return：the complimentee agrees with the compliments assertion, and return the praise to the complimenter. For example: In English: A: Nice bag! B: Your bag is also very nice.

The second type is Nonagreement

① Question: the complimentee disagrees with the compliment by questioning the sincerity or appropriateness of it. For example: In English: A: Nice bag! B: Do you really think so? 、

② Scale down ：the complimentee disagrees with the compliment, and point out some flaw in the object. For example: In English: A: Nice bag! B: Oh, it’s old bag. ③ Disagreement: the complimentee disagrees with the compliment, thinking the object complimented is not worthy of praise. For example: In English: Your shoes are nice. B: They hurt my feet.

From Herbert’s classification of compliment response in English, a conclusion is drawn that there are two major categories—agreement (65.91%) and nonagrement (31.16%) obviously stand out. And we can found that English speakers are likely to accept compliments.

3.2.2 Compliments responses strategies in Chinese

According to the Chinese compliment responses questionnaire, it also be concluded that there are also two major response categories .One is ―Agreement‖ and the other is ―Nonagreement‖.

①Appreciation： Some of the Chinese fall into this kind. For example: A:你发型

真好看。 B:嘻嘻，谢谢！

②Comment Acceptance：response compliments and offer a comment . For example: A:你发型真好看。 B:嗯， 好酷！

③Praise：accept the compliment and supply more . This response often occurs only among close relationship. For example: A: 你的字真好看！B:你也不看看这

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是是谁写的？

④Comment history：shift the force of the compliment from the complimenter. For example: 你的衣服很好看。 B:这种衣服是今年欧美流行风哦。

⑤Return：the complimentee agrees with the compliments assertion, and return the praise to the complimenter. For example: A:你的字真好看。 B:你的也很好看啊。

The second type is Nonagreement

①Question: the complimentee disagrees with the compliment by questioning the sincerity or appropriateness of it. For example: A:你的字真好看。 B:真的吗？ ②Scale down ：the complimentee disagrees with the compliment, and point out some flaw in the object. For example: A:你溜冰真厉害。 B:瞎游的。

③Disagreement: the complimentee disagrees with the compliment, thinking the object complimented is not worthy of praise. For example: A:你溜冰真厉害。 B:哪里啊。

A nonagreement response is the main responding type in Chinese compliments. It accounts to about 58% in the nonagreement responses and 46% in the agreement responses.

From the discussion above, we may conclude that two major categories of compliments responses are generalized in both language, that is Agreement and Nonagreement. There are main similarities of the compliment responses in English and Chinese. However, Agreement strategy is the main responding type in English. Nonagreement strategy is more frequent in Chinese data. In brief, English speakers are more wiling to accept the compliments, while Chinese speakers show tendency to disagree with compliment.

4. Cultural reasons for differences between English and Chinese compliments

4.1 Self-worth VS Modesty

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When being complimented , English people tend to frankly accept the compliment, with a remark like ，“thank you‖ ，to show his acknowledgement of self-worth .On the contrary, Chinese speakers try to deny the praise and said like “哪里，哪里。‖In English culture, it is believed that the praise is sincere, there is no need to pretend to be modesty .And accept compliment can be avoid hurting complimenter’s positive feeling. To Chinese, acceptance of praise will be assumed to be self-conceited or lack of good manners.

4.2 Individualism VS Collective

The major characteristics of individualism in English culture, ―I‖ is mark of self – orientation. While, collective is characterized by Chinese. ―We‖ is mark of collective-orientation. Under the guidance of individualism, the westerners do things according to their own needs without considering the hearer’s social status. Under the collective restriction, Chinese people would not accept explicit agreement generally.

4.3 Directness VS Indirectness

In English culture, people usually think it is better to communicate in an explicit way so that people involved know exactly. However, the typical Chinese communicative feature is indirectness. It is hard for a man from English culture understand Chinese indirectness. For the reason of politeness, Chinese prefer to choose indirect statement.

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5. Conclusion

By comparison and analysis of English and Chinese compliments and

compliments response, there are similarities and differences between them. Most compliments in both focus mainly on four topic: appearance, possession, ability, achievements. With compliments form, English compliments often use limited adjective and verbs, whereas Chinese compliments make use of adverbs and adjectives. Compliments are generally performed by the inferiors in the Chinese whereas performed more often by the superiors in English. As for compliments response, there is a significant difference between English and Chinese compliments response. English speaking people are willing to accept praise, while Chinese people are more likely to reject praise.

Thanks to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more chance to contact with foreign culture. Compliment is a very important verbal communication. Hence, it is important and urgent to raise our cross-cultural awareness and to develop our communicative competence so as to minimize and avoid pragmatic failure and enjoy successful communication across culture.

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Bibliography

[1] Chen, Rong. Responding to compliments: a contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English a Chinese speakers [J].Journal of pragmatics, 1993(20):49-75.

[2] Daikuhara, M A study of compliments from cross-culture perspective [J]. Educational Linguistics, 1986.

[3]Herbert, R. K. The ethnography of English Compliments and compliments responses [J]. Language in society, 19(4): 3-35.

[4] Holmes, J. compliments and compliments responses in new Zealand English [J]. Anthropological linguistics, 1986(4):485-508.

[5] Mane, J. Compliments: A mirror of cultural values [A]. Sociolinguistics and language acquisitions[C].The Hague: Mouton publishers, 1983.

[6]Pomerantz, A. Compliment responses [J].New York: Academic press, 1978:79-112. [7] Wolfsan. 《The compliments formula》[M].The Hague:Mouton,1981 [8] Seale, J. R. Speech Act: An essay in the philosophy of language [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

[9] 顾日国. 《跨文化交际》[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000. [10] 郭爱先. 美国称赞语的应答模式[J]. 外语与外语教学，1998(10):14-15. [11] 何佩嫦.中英文称赞语对比研究[J].广州大学外国语学院2002（6）. [12] 何兆熊.A study of politeness in Chinese and English culture [J].1995(5).

[13] 贾玉新. 《跨文化交际学》[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.

[14] 王宗炎. 自我认识与跨文化交际. 文化与交际[M] .外语教学与研究出版社,

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Appendix

汉语称赞语问卷调查

年龄： 学历： 职业：

非常感谢您抽空来做这份调查问卷，请仔细阅读，然后一 一作答。谢谢

您的合作。

第一部分:问答题

1.您的朋友今天打扮的很漂亮，您想称赞她，您会说什么？

2.你的朋友买了一款iphone5,你会说些什么？

3.偶然，你发现你的老师唱歌唱得很好听，你会怎样称赞她？

4.你的朋友在组织这次班级毕业聚会上策划的很成功， 你会怎样称赞他？

第二部分:选择题（可多选）

1.您经常称赞别人吗？ A:经常B:一般C:很少D：从不 2.在日常生活中 你为什么称赞夸别人？

A:对别人的的外表，工作，能力，等表示称赞或是羡慕。 B:为了建立人际关系或者是使人际关系更紧密。 C:用来挽救自己的面子的行为，例如道歉，请求等 D:用来表扬或者鼓励 E:取悦对方 F:其他

3.你经常从哪些方面称赞别人？ A:外表，身材， B: 财物

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C: 能力，成就 D:品质，性格 E:其他

4 你经常称赞谁？ A:家庭成员 B:对方的家庭成员 C:长辈或上司 D:晚辈或下属 E:朋友或同事 F:其他

第三部分

假设你是被称赞者，你会选择哪个做应答语，选择你认为合适的一个。 1.你穿了件新衣服，你朋友遇到你说:这衣服真漂亮，你穿着真好看.你回答： A:谢谢，我也觉得很好看。 B:谢谢，你的衣服也很好看。 C:真的吗？ D:别吹牛啦。 E:其他

2.周末，你和朋友一起去KTV,朋友夸你：你歌唱的真是好呀！你回答： A:谢谢，我很喜欢唱歌。 B:谢谢夸奖，你唱得也很好啊。 C:哎，一般般啦。

D:哪里哪里，还要多练练。 E:其他

3.你前几天买了一款新手机，你的朋友发现了，说道：哇塞，这手机好好哦，我也想换一部新的。你回答： A:是啊是啊，真的很好！

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B:是吗？要不要试试手感？ C:你的这个手机也很好啦!

D:这不是最新款，不过对我来说够啦。 E:其他

4假设你被评为优秀毕业生，一朋友对你说：你真不简单啊！你回答： A:谢谢，实际上我一直很努力的。 B:我的老师给了我很多帮助。 C:是吗？

D:哪里哪里哦，这其实没什么的。 E:其他

谢谢您的配合，辛苦啦，谢谢！

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Acknowledgements

The thesis has been completed. I want to express my gratitude to my tutor Miss Wang. I received Miss Wang’s instruction in the writing of the thesis many times. I appreciate the tutor’s concentrated guidance and help not only in the selection of my title, required materials of the thesis, but also in the research writing. I can say that it is very difficult to have completed the thesis without her guidance. I wish to take this opportunity to express the hearty thanks to her advice.

I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the paper.

I want to express sincere gratitude to friends who cared about and supported my thesis. Here, I appreciate my roommates who helped out with my thesis. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Ms.Wang again for her careful instruction of my thesis.

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