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python-day42_MySQL数据库

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MySQL

单机程序(自己DB)

单机程序(公用DB)

MySQL:是用于管理文件的一个软件
- 服务端软件
- socket服务端
- 本地文件操作
- 解析指令【SQL语句】
- 客户端软件(各种各样)
- socket客户端
- 发送指令
- 解析指令【SQL语句】

PS:
- DBMS数据库管理系统
- SQL语句

技能:
- 安装 服务端和客户端
- 连接
- 学习SQL语句规则;指示服务端做任意操作

其他类似软件:
关系型数据库:sqllite,db2,oracle,access,sql server MySQL
非关系型数据库:MongoDB,redis

 

1. MySQL安装

https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/


环境变量的配置:
E:\wupeiqi\mysql-5.7.16-winx\mysql-5.7.16-winx\bin
mysqld

windows服务:
E:\wupeiqi\mysql-5.7.16-winx\mysql-5.7.16-winx\bin\mysqld --install

E:\wupeiqi\mysql-5.7.16-winx\mysql-5.7.16-winx\bin\mysqld --remove

net start mysql
net stop mysql

 

2. 关于连接

文件夹【数据库】
  文件【表】
    数据行【行】
    数据行
    数据行

连接:

默认:用户root


show databases;

use 数据库名称;

show tables;

select * from 表名;

select name,age,id from 表名;

mysql数据库user表
use mysql;
select user,host from user;

1)创建用户:
  create user 'alex'@'192.168.1.1' identified by '123123';
  create user 'alex'@'192.168.1.%' identified by '123123';
  create user 'alex'@'%' identified by '123123';
2)授权:
  权限 人

  grant select,insert,update on db1.* to 'alex'@'%';
  grant all privileges on db1.t1 to 'alex'@'%';
  grant SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP, CREATE,Show view,Create view,Index on national.* to 'national'@'%' identified by '123456';

  show grants for fangming;  # 查看用户权限
  revoke all privileges on db1.t1 from 'alex'@'%';

 

3. 学习SQL语句规则

操作文件夹
  create database db2;
  create database db2 default charset utf8; ***** 建数据库时指定了字符集后,新建表时可以不用再指定字符集
  show databases;
  drop database db2;

操作文件
  show tables;
  create table t1(id int,name char(10)) default charset=utf8;
  create table t1(id int,name char(10))engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
  create table t3(id int auto_increment,name char(10))engine=innodb default charset=utf8; *****

  # innodb 支持事务,原子性操作
  # myisam myisam

  create table t1(
    列名 类型 null, # 表示本列内容插入的数据可以为空,默认就是这个
    列名 类型 not null,
    列名 类型 not null auto_increment primary key,
    id int,
    name char(10)
  )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;


auto_increment 表示:自增
primary key: 表示 约束(不能重复且不能为空); 加速查找
not null: 是否为空
数据类型:

数字:
tinyint
int
bigint

FLOAT
  0.00000100000123000123001230123
DOUBLE
  0.00000000000000000000100000123000123001230123
  0.00000100000123000000000000000
decimal
  0.1

字符串:
char(10)   #无论多少个字符,按最大定长存放。 速度快()
root
root
varchar(10)   #按实际使用的字符长度+1(字符长度值)存放,如实际是2个字符,就存2+1个字符的位置。 节省空间
root
PS: 创建数据表时,定长的列往前面放

text

上传文件:
  文件存硬盘
  db存路径
时间类型
  DATETIME

enum  枚举类型
set    里面的元素可以多个组合


create table t1(
  id int signed not null auto_increment primary key,
  num decimal(10,5),
  name char(10)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

清空表:
  delete from t1; # 如后续再新增表项,新增表项的数字,是从以前的表项数基础上自动新增
  truncate table t1; # 新增表项时,表项数字从1开始新增
删除表:
  drop table t1;

查看表结构:

  desc t10;   #查看表结构(各列的属性设置)

操作文件中内容
  插入数据:
    insert into t1(id,name) values(1,'alex');

    insert into tb1(name,age) values('alex',18),('egon',19),('yuan',20);
  删除:
    delete from t1;
    delete from t1 where id<6
  修改:
    update t1 set age=18;
    update t1 set age=18 where age=17;
  查看数据:
    select * from t1;

外键:
  create table userinfo(
    uid int auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(32),
    department_id int,
    xx_id int,
    constraint fk_user_depar foreign key (department_id) references department(id)
  )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

  create table department(
    id bigint auto_increment primary key,
    title char(15)
  )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

 # 关联的外键必须是主键,否则关联不成功

 

4 对于自增补充:
show create table t10;

show create table t10 \G; #查看创建这个表的命令, G为改为按列看

alter table t10 AUTO_INCREMENT=20; #修改这个表


MySQL: 自增步长
  基于会话级别:
    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';   查看全局变量
    set session auto_increment_increment=2;    设置会话步长
    # set session auto_increment_offset=10;    起始值
  基于全局级别:
    show global variables like 'auto_inc%';    查看全局变量
    set global auto_increment_increment=2;    设置会话步长
    # set global auto_increment_offset=10;


SqlServer:自增步长:
  基础表级别:
  CREATE TABLE `t5` (
    `nid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `pid` int(11) NOT NULL,
    `num` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`nid`,`pid`)  #多个键做为一个组合主键
  ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4, 步长=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

  CREATE TABLE `t6` (
    `nid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `pid` int(11) NOT NULL,
    `num` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`nid`,`pid`)
  ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4, 步长=20 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


5. 唯一索引

create table t1(
  id int ....,
  num int,
  xx int,
  unique 唯一索引名称 (列名,列名),
  constraint ....
)

PS:
  唯一:
    约束不能重复(可以为空)
    PS: 主键不能重复(不能为空)
  加速查找

1. 外键的变种
        
        a. 用户表和部门表
        
            用户:
                1 alex     1
                2 root       1
                3 egon       2
                4 laoyao   3
                
            部门:
                1 服务
                2 保安
                3 公关
            ===》 一对多
        b. 用户表和博客表
            用户表:
                1 alex    
                2 root       
                3 egon       
                4 laoyao   
            博客表:
                                  FK() + 唯一
                1   /yuanchenqi/   4
                2    /alex3714/    1
                3    /asdfasdf/    3
                4    /ffffffff/    2
                
            ===> 一对一
            
                create table userinfo1(
                    id int auto_increment primary key,
                    name char(10),
                    gender char(10),
                    email varchar()
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

                create table admin(
                    id int not null auto_increment primary key,
                    username varchar() not null,
                    password VARCHAR() not null,
                    user_id int not null,
                    unique uq_u1 (user_id),
                    CONSTRAINT fk_admin_u1 FOREIGN key (user_id) REFERENCES userinfo1(id)
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
            
        c. 用户表(百合网) 相亲记录表
        
            示例1:
                用户表
                相亲表
                
            示例2:
                用户表
                主机表
                用户主机关系表
            ===》多对多 多个对象之间的相互关系,单独进行存档
    
                create table userinfo2(
                    id int auto_increment primary key,
                    name char(10),
                    gender char(10),
                    email varchar()
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

                create table host(
                    id int auto_increment primary key,
                    hostname char()
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

                create table user2host(
                    id int auto_increment primary key,
                    userid int not null,
                    hostid int not null,
                    unique uq_user_host (userid,hostid),
                    CONSTRAINT fk_u2h_user FOREIGN key (userid) REFERENCES userinfo2(id),
                    CONSTRAINT fk_u2h_host FOREIGN key (hostid) REFERENCES host(id)
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

 

6,SQL数据操作补充

增: insert
    insert into tb11(name,age) values('alex',12);
    
    insert into tb11(name,age) values('alex',12),('root',18);    #批量插入数据
    
    insert into tb12(name,age) select name,age from tb11;    # 从别一个表拷数据过来
删: delete
    delete from tb12;
    delete from tb12 where id !=2 
    delete from tb12 where id =2 
    delete from tb12 where id > 2 
    delete from tb12 where id >=2 
    delete from tb12 where id >=2 or name='alex'

改: update
    update tb12 set name='alex' where id>12 and name='xx'
    update tb12 set name='alex',age=19 where id>12 and name='xx'
查: select select * from tb12; select id,name from tb12; select id,name from tb12 where id > 10 or name ='xxx'; select id,name as cname from tb12 where id > 10 or name ='xxx'; select name,age,11 from tb12; # 增加一个常量(11),常量会在结果中做为列显示出来 其他: select * from tb12 where id != 1 select * from tb12 where id in (1,5,12); select * from tb12 where id not in (1,5,12); select * from tb12 where id in (select id from tb11) select * from tb12 where id between 5 and 12; 通配符: select * from tb12 where name like "a%"  #%指任意多个字符,_指一个字符 select * from tb12 where name like "a_"

 

6,分页:limit

    select * from tb12 limit 10;    #10条一页
    
    select * from tb12 limit 0,10;    #从第0条开始,10条一页
    select * from tb12 limit 10,10;
    select * from tb12 limit 20,10;
    
    select * from tb12 limit 10 offset 20;
    从第20行开始读取,读取10行;

    结合Python分页:
    # page = input('请输入要查看的页码')
    # page = int(page)
    # (page-1) * 10
    # select * from tb12 limit 0,10; 1 
    # select * from tb12 limit 10,10;2
 7,排序: order by select * from tb12 order by id desc; 大到小 select * from tb12 order by id asc; 小到大 select * from tb12 order by age desc,id desc; 取后10条数据 select * from tb12 order by id desc limit 10;

8,分组:
    select count(id),max(id),part_id from userinfo5 group by part_id;
    
    count
    max
    min
    sum
    avg
    
    **** 如果对于聚合函数结果进行二次筛选时,必须使用having ****
  即: where后面不能跟函数,having后面可以跟函数
select count(id),part_id from userinfo5 group by part_id having count(id) > 1; select count(id),part_id from userinfo5 where id > 0 group by part_id having count(id) > 1;

9,连表操作:
  由LEFT JOIN,RIGHT JOIN,INNER JOIN连接
  WHERE只能放在连表后面
select
* from userinfo5,department5; select * from userinfo5,department5 where userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
  #
userinfo5,department5这2张表,根据userinfo5.part_id和department5.id相等的关系,连在一起输出
  select * from userinfo5 left join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id;
   select
* from department5 left join userinfo5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id;
  
# 按userinfo5表在左边全部显示

  # select * from userinfo5 right join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
  # 按department5右边表的所有项全部显示
  select * from userinfo5 inner join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
  #inner join,会将出现null的行隐藏。即左边有数据行,右边表又没有数据的行,进行隐藏

  
# 多张表相关联
  select *
    from department5
     left join userinfo5 on userinfo5.part_id
= department5.id
    left join userinfo6 on userinfo5.part_id
= department5.id;

  select score.sid, student.sid
  
from score
     left join student on score.student_id
= student.sid  #score.student_id和student.sid关联起来
     left join course on score.course_id = course.cid  #score.course_id和course.cid,把第3个表关联起来
     left join
class on student.class_id = class.cid  #第4个表class也关联起来
     left join teacher on course.teacher_id
=teacher.tid;
    #5个表同时关联起来,一起输出

 

10,between and

 

11,数据库作业:

 

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/yygy/p/10463297.html

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